The Great Data Experiment
Foot notes to variouis pages
summary
What's here
Tip - use a browser view to copy headings, else jumps around
this provides footnotes to various pages
| ID code | Page title |
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| gloss | Glosary - was 5a |
| info-accm | Us the world and each other - was 1b |
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and this below table
Idea - Movement of ideas brain to brain v computer to computer
Intro comparison to computer xfr
od data. Complete document and save as doc or html, copy to memory stick in binary form PC native core format (can't as yet store in active form so must do in record that can be loaded into action device / processors-s as in Turing unoiversal machine format) copy to new PC as binary and then distant doc or html versed app decodes / processes binary and re-establishes same screens.
- We not like that, our native storeage is nural networks storage / delay line constant action not lend itself to static copy and paste (althoug building block is similarly binary - neuron firing or not ref Dumbledore and Dick) not tranferable.
- So instead the doc has to be printed, read and OCRd and something like back as was, other eg doc is read out and record, then use voice recognition, with learning of voice to get back to text then use dicionary / grammer cassessemnt to correct possible error (interpretation) and get some thing similar again. Need a picture.
move center had grenad down to cpu
A we don't use direct brain to brain communication (unless you beleive in mental telepathy) we have grown up (both evolved - phylogeny and personally - ontogeny).
Back to: what is an idea
Visual cortex v Occipital lobe
text file saved
divide line between black and white has strongest local contrast (that is, edge detection)
orientation, spatial frequency, and colour
What is the difference between occipital lobe, and visual cortex, in the human brain?
https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20120704052842AAStE4A
They generally refer to the same thing, just one is defined by location (occipital comes from the Latin words meaning behind the head) whereas visual cortex refers to it's function. If you were referring purely to anatomy, you might be more likely to refer to it as the occipital lobe (e.g. a patient has damage to the occipital lobe from a car crash), whereas a psychologist talking about *function* may be more likely to say call it the visual cortex. Both talking about the same area though.
You can be more specific in some instances, for example, the primary visual cortex (V1) and extra-striate visual cortex refer to specific parts of the occipital lobe, though I'd assume they meant the whole thing unless specified though. And of course, there are areas of the brain that deal with visual information that aren't on the occipital lobe, but they aren't referred to as the visual cortex.
Visual cortex v Occipital lobe
Occipital lobe
http://www.btbuddies.org.uk/about-high-grade-brain-tumours/areas-of-the-brain-and-their-functions.html
The occipital cortex is the primary visual area of the brain. It receives projections from the retina (via the thalamus) from where different groups of neurons separately encode different visual information such as color, orientation, and motion. Pathways from the occipital lobes reach the temporal and Parietal Lobes and are eventually processed consciously. Two important pathways of information originating in the occipital lobes are the dorsal and ventral streams. The dorsal stream projects to the parietal lobes and processes where objects are located. The ventral stream projects to structures in the temporal lobes and processes what objects are.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_cortex
The visual cortex of the brain is the part of the cerebral cortex responsible for processing visual information.
The primary (parts of the cortex that receive sensory inputs from the thalamus) visual cortex is also known as V1, Visual area one, and the striate cortex. The extrastriate areas consist of visual areas two (V2), three (V3), four (V4), and five (V5). Both hemispheres of a brain contain a visual cortex; the left hemisphere visual cortex receives signals from the right visual field, and the right visual cortex from the left visual field.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_cortex
The cerebral cortex is the cerebrum's (brain) outer layer of neural tissue in humans and other mammals. It is divided into two cortices, along the sagittal plane: the left and right cerebral hemispheres divided by the medial longitudinal fissure. The cerebral cortex plays a key role in memory, attention, perception, awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. The human cerebral cortex is 2 to 4 millimetres (0.079 to 0.157 in) thick.[1]
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Extra info
some info
Back to: Socialising
Origins of the Human Mind Parts I & II Stephen P. Hinshaw, Ph.D.
©2010 The Teaching Company. 47
Lecture One - Brains and Minds, Evolution and Development
III. How did the human brain, and mind, evolve from those of other mammals and primates across hundreds of millions of years, and how did modern humans gain an artistic, language-related, and self-reflective power across the past 150,000 years?
C. A timeline of the past 150,000 years shows the presence of a remarkable compression of the growth of human abilities and the human mind within the past 30,000–40,000 years, leading to speculation that cultural evolution, rather than natural selection, has shaped the human mind.
Timelines
*Note: Hominid separation from lineage with chimpanzees: 5–7 Ma.
7 Ma – present chimpanzee
Brain size 350 cm3. Use of natural stones as tools; urge to play; display some empathy; episodic skills salient.
4–5 Ma Ardipithecus ramidus
Brain size 350 cm3. Less aggressive than chimps, with less pronounced canine teeth; apparently lived in both trees and on ground.
3–4 Ma Australo-pithecus afarensis
Brain size 475 cm3. Possibly split stones as tools; episodic skills salient. It’s unclear if Australopithecus is direct ancestor of Homo sapiens.
1.6–2.5 Ma Homo habilis
Brain size 630 cm3. Use of chopper tools but no teaching or innovation, tools stayed much the same for the duration of the species; mimetic skills more salient.
2 Ma–150 Ka Homo erectus
Brain size 1000 cm3. More complex tools, like hand ax, but still no teaching or innovation within this species; speech apparatus with more clarity; mimetic skills salient.
500 Ka–28 Ka Neanderthal
Brain size 1500 cm3. Even more complex tools, like spears and limited teaching and innovation; speech apparatus with more clarity; mimetic skills salient and beginnings of mythic skills.
150 Ka–present Homo sapiens
Brain size 1350 cm3. Ever more complex tools, including ornamented knives and spears, all the way to agricultural instruments and metal weapons; much teaching and innovation through the development of human culture; speech apparatus fully developed: mythic skills fully realized.
Part II: Advances for Homo sapiens
125,000 Ya ...................................... Earliest evidence of burial rituals, assuming a belief in an afterlife.
80,000 Ya ........................................ Early art in the form of symmetrical scrapings on tools.
60,000–75,000 Ya ........................... Modern humans migrate out of Africa.
30,000 Ya ........................................ Advanced cave art, modern hunting tools, more elaborate burial rituals, and evidence of musical instruments. Positive selection pressure for genes related to brain development.
10,000 Ya ........................................ Evidence of agriculture, animal domestication, and permanent settlements. Positive selection pressure for genes related to skin color, lactate production, and, potentially, brain complexity.
6,000 Ya .......................................... Systematic written symbols appear; writing develops theoretic skills.
2,000–4,000 Ya ................................. Modern cultures in Egypt, Greece, China, Africa, and the New World.
600 Ya ............................................. Printing press invented.
150–200 Ya ..................................... Industrial Revolution.
50–60 Ya ......................................... Modern computers invented.
Wiki info in Human Evo with link to Behavioral modernity - also in Human Evo Timeline Hominidae text in Excel sheet
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evograms_07
/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Human_timeline
Behavioral modernity - Alternative Models - Contrasted with this view of a spontaneous leap in cognition among ancient humans [Late Upper Paleolithic Model or "Revolution" - Great Leap fwd 50 ka ... though anatomically modern humans first appear around 150,000 years ago, they were not cognitively or behaviorally "modern" until around 50,000 years ago, leading to their expansion into Europe and Asia.] some authors like Alison S. Brooks, primarily working in African archaeology, point to the gradual accumulation of "modern" behaviors, starting well before the 50,000 year benchmark of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution models.[1][2][19] Howiesons Poort, Blombos, and other South African archaeological sites, for example, show evidence of marine resource acquisition, trade, and abstract ornamentation at least by 80,000 years ago.[1][7] Given evidence from Africa and the Middle East, a variety of hypotheses have been put forth to describe an earlier, gradual transition from simple to more complex human behavior. Some authors have pushed back the appearance of fully modern behavior to around 80,000 years ago in order to incorporate the South African data.[19]
Others focus on the slow accumulation of different technologies and behaviors across time. These researchers[1][2] describe how anatomically modern humans could have been cognitively the same [160 ka ref wiki & excel] and what we define as behavioral modernity is just the result of thousands of years of cultural adaptation and learning. D'Errico and others have looked at Neanderthal culture rather than early human behavior for clues into behavioral modernity.[5] Noting that Neanderthal assemblages often portray similar traits as those listed for modern human behavior, researchers stress that the foundations for behavioral modernity may in fact lie deeper in our hominin ancestors.[20] If both modern humans and Neanderthals express abstract art and complex tools then "modern human behavior" cannot be a derived trait for our species. They argue that the original 'human revolution' theory reflects a profound Eurocentric bias. Recent archaeological evidence, they argue, proves that humans evolving in Africa some 300,000 or even 400,000 years ago were already becoming cognitively and behaviourally 'modern'. These features include blade and microlithic technology, bone tools, increased geographic range, specialized hunting, the use of aquatic resources, long distance trade, systematic processing and use of pigment, and art and decoration. These items do not occur suddenly together as predicted by the ‘‘human revolution’’ model, but at sites that are widely separated in space and time. This suggests a gradual assembling of the package of modern human behaviours in Africa, and its later export to other regions of the Old World.
Timeline of human evolution: 1.8 Ma - Homo erectus evolves in Africa.Homo erectus would bear a striking resemblance to modern humans, but had a brain about 74 percent of the size of modern man.
Control of fire by early humans is achieved about 1.5 Ma by Homo ergaster.
Homo heidelbergensis was a very large hominin that developed a more advanced complement of cutting tools and may have hunted big game such as horses.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans .
The control of fire by early humans was a turning point in the cultural aspect of human evolution. ....
Claims for the earliest definitive evidence of control of fire by a member of Homo range from 0.2 to 1.7 million years ago (Mya).[1] Evidence for the controlled use of fire by Homo erectus, beginning some 400,000 years ago, has wide scholarly support.[2][3] Evidence of widespread control of fire by anatomically modern humans dates to approximately 125,000 years ago.[4]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution ... link from cultural aspect above goes to soc-evo as here:
.... Sociocultural evolution is "the process by which structural reorganization is affected through time, eventually producing a form or structure which is qualitatively different from the ancestral form".
/wiki/Human_evolution - wiki: Homo ergaster (meaning "working man") or African Homo erectus
/wiki/Human_evolution - wiki: Homo ergaster (meaning "working man") or African Homo erectus
/wiki/Human_evolution
and some words above
back to The great data experiment and more words
and some words below
pasted from notes.html
Deductive and Inductive
also cog psycho p443
from - http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-logic.html
There are two types of logical arguments - deductive and inductive. Examples of these are:
Deductive – This type of reasoning provides complete evidence of the truth of its conclusion. It uses a specific and accurate premise that leads to a specific and accurate conclusion. With correct premises, the conclusion to this type of argument is verifiable and correct.
Inductive - This type of reasoning is "bottom up," meaning that it takes specific information and makes a broad generalization that is considered probable, allowing for the fact that the conclusion may not be accurate. This type of reasoning usually involves a rule being established based on a series of repeated experiences.
Read more at http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-logic.html#06ewXtEIfR6AZRvP.99
Deductive Logic
All squares are rectangles. All rectangles have four sides. Logic, therefore, tells you that all squares have four sides.
Read more at http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-logic.html#06ewXtEIfR6AZRvP.99
When it rains the trees get wet. The trees are wet this morning, so it rained last night.
Read more at http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-logic.html#06ewXtEIfR6AZRvP.99
Inductive Logic
An umbrella prevents you from getting wet in the rain. Ashley took her umbrella and she did not get wet. In this case, you could use inductive reasoning to offer an opinion that it was probably raining. Your concluson, however, would not necessarily be accurate because Ashley would have remained dry whether it rained and she had an umbrella, or whether it did not rain at all.
Every three year old you see at the park every afternoon spends most of their time crying and screaming. Your conclusion is that all three year olds spend their afternoon screaming.
Every house that burned down on the block was caused by faulty wiring. You conclusion is that all homes on the block have faulty wiring.
Red lights prevent accidents. Mike did not have an accident, therefore Mike stopped at a red light. This is an example of inductive reasoning; but, it is faulty reasoning because Mike might not have encountered any traffic signals at all. Therefore, he might have been able to avoid accidents even without stopping at a red light.
Read more at http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-logic.html#06ewXtEIfR6AZRvP.99
Occures in: what is an idea
My speculation on ideas
My ideas about ideas may be regarded as mere speculation, but they are based on how my thought processes appear to work to me and possibly yours work in a similar way. I'm proposing a model of how we may process the mass of ideas that we find, or seek out, every day and then contribute our own ideas to that ever swelling mass. My model is based on the simple premise of process and data, but never the less hopefully results in a useful representation of how our information sharing happens. The precise details of the mechanisms enabling the proposed processes are missing, but I hope the proposed processes are reasonably feasibly based on my limited knowledge of brain anatomy. Processes operate on data and to that end I have tried to define the information that we share in data terms - I have chosen what we call an idea as a starting point. The resulting over complication of a word that we happily use every day may appear to many as unnecessary bunkum, but I hope you may get to see its value.
There are many theories about the nature of our brains eg evo psycho p 231 Computational theroy of mind - different levels of explanation, but different from Lenoxe's. Some theories require an explanation of consciousness, how can this model give consciousness, it's something to describe (the engine gets hot and makes many different noises, what sort of device could do this) to me just an emipheonina - the engine just does that.
...... suggestion about the nature of flame and not a detailed explanation of the mechanisums causing it - e.g. phlogiston v oxygen ... evolution process but without mechanisum of genes
For a bit more on this try Thought comes before language or thought and language are interdependent processes?.
lots of words lots of wordsUse browser back arrow to return to original point of What's an Idea
John Lennox et al - Foot Note
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Many versions of supper natural world
The exact nature of this extra layer is disputed with many versions being propossed. It would be fare to assume this would be the variety of world religions of which there are there are many. But it not even that simple, there are Idealist who beleive that mind is the most fundamental reality in the universe and .... that mind (the physical operation of the brain, and not René Descartes thinking thing that is based on an immaterial substance) creates reality, leading to the idea that all minds are part of a joint conciusnes including the original creator conciousnes Idealisum (in many forms) and in turn various challenges to it.
Idealist philosophy believes that the mind exists, and that our sense of the external world (physical reality) is simply a construction of the mind. Given that all our knowledge is in fact a creation of the mind (imagination) it has been difficult to refute this - to get from our ideas of things to the real thing in itself (see Kant).
Christian, Jewish and musul versions of a single God, Hindu of multiple Gods Philosophy-Realism-Idealism the expanding words whatever they may be. leaing to different principles of non physical world including
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Further speculation on the worldview first
original note in article - My speculation on the early establishment of worldview style is covered further (with a ready answere to most of these questions.examples) in {link to article or foot note}
but is this right - Goo when does worldview form Worldview Transformation and the Development of Social Consciousness
another view Common Sense Atheism
Frances .. also got religion, studdied all and became a christian, but Sue Black became a "Budist".
Comparison of Idea definition
{Idea section copy before edited}
The above distintion of knowledge or proposal ideas does to some degree align with the Oxford Dicionary that gives 3 senses for the word 'idea'
- A thought or suggestion as to a possible course of action as: a) A mental impression b) An opinion or belief.
- The aim or purpose.
- Philosophy (in Platonic thought)
For now, the distintion in 1. of 'mental impression' and 'opinion or belief' is not relavent here and the specialist use in Philosophy not covered at all. For more on the comparison of distintions see definition of idea, but in sumary 'knowledge ideas' form memories while 'proposal ideas' only have asociated memories.
{END Idea section coy}
Example of word idea: idea/knowledge = some info that exists and can be describerd; idea/proposal = lets do x, x can be described but the result of x is yet to happen
For the purposes of this model tey are very closy linked or even the same ....This may be a linguistic smoke and mirrors but from a neurologics view they are the same.
Ideas about:
- politics - conservative party, labour party, Corbyn, Brexit, Trump
- places - Barcelona
- facts - Paris
Example of word idea: idea/knowledge = some info that exists and can be describerd; idea/proposal = lets do x, x can be described but the result of x is yet to happen
- (proposal) I've a good idea/proposal, lets go to sea-side 2mrw
- (info) you have some strange ideas/knowledge
- I don't like the idea/knowledge that we'll never be able to go ..
- http://www.manythings.org/sentences/words/idea/21.html
- Tom has a pretty good idea/knowledge who painted graffiti on his wall.
- Do you have any idea/knowledge how much it cost me to become a member here?
- The idea/knowledge was so advanced that I couldn't understand it.
- The idea/knowledge that air has weight was surprising to the child.
- Democracy is an idea/knowledge that goes back to the ancient Greeks.
- Joe's idea/knowledge for a new kind of car will make him filthy rich.
- You should not try to force your ideas/knowledge on others.
- They did not agree with all of Oglethorpe's ideas/knowledge.
- Let me give you some ideas/knowledge on how to rewrite this.
- https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/idea
- 1. a thought or suggestion as to a possible course of action. "recently, the idea/knowledge of linking pay to performance has caught on"
- 2. the aim or purpose. (all idea/proposal?
"I took a job with the idea/proposal of getting some money together"
"Perhaps the idea of us meeting up again was not the purpose of our encounter."
"It involves listening to the other side, not with the idea of debate but for the purpose of learning."
"Of course, the whole idea is to go there to concentrate and focus on the work, not on what to do in the evenings." - 3. Philosophy (in Platonic thought)
- http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/idea.html
- A thought or collection of thoughts that generate in the mind. An idea/knowledge/proposal is usually generated with intent, but can also be created unintentionally. Ideas often form during brainstorming sessions or through discussions.
- An impression or notion that tries to portray the overarching scope or outline. "Give me a general ideas/knowledge of how much the project will cost," refers to the fact that the supervisor needs a general estimate of how much the employee believes the project will cost.
- An opinion or belief. "My ideas/knowledge is that a telephone call is more personal than email," represents an opinion of which method of communication is more personal.
{cut out of article ater footer link}
The model here does however make distintions based on the time frame of the idea. If at the time of experiencing the idea we know (or could know) some content of the idea it's a type i. as below. But if the idea about doing something in the future, so as yet we know nothing about the outcome or idea content, it is a category ii. below. As mention earlier, there are 'knowledge ideas' associated with the 'proposal idea' and possibly speculated knowledge about its outcome thanks to our ability to plan the furtre.
- idea as in knowledge = some info that exists and can be describerd e.g.
from 2: ‘If you were passing you wouldn't give this door a second look, which must have been the idea when they installed it.’ purpose of door style idea (of which knowledge ) not to draw attention
from 2: ‘I suppose the original idea behind the award is to foster great comedy and to open it up to a broader range of performers and audiences.’ - purpose of award idea (of which lots of knowledge) to produce good comedy.
from 1: ‘Of the ten ideas suggested, five attracted significantly more votes than the rest.’ - lots of knowledge re all 10 ideas.
from 1: ‘An English geologist has come up with one of the most ingenious ideas yet suggested.' - knowledge of the inginious idea. - idea as in proposal = lets do x, x can be described but the result of x is yet to happen e.g. from 2:
‘It involves listening to the other side, not with the idea of debate but for the purpose of learning.’ - proposal to listen, but not know about ideas yet.
‘The whole idea of on-line courses is that everyone can study what they want.’ - purpose of on-line courses (of whivh lots of knowledge) is to give more availability. WRONG PLACE
‘Of course, the whole idea is to go there to concentrate and focus on the work, not on what to do in the evenings.’ - knowledge re work, WRONG PLACE
from 1: none?
try give eg sentances to support i & ii and different from Dic -
1 - "recently, the idea [knowledge] of linking pay to performance has caught on"
2 - "Of course, the whole idea [purpose] is to go there to concentrate and focus on the work, not on what to do in the evenings."
"I do not know what I may appear to the world; but to myself I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the seashore, and diverting myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me" - possibly Isaac Newton
On shore line knowledge behind, idea is to go foward to find more, perhaps ore like entrance to maze
For further comparisons of definition and examples see definition of idea.
For example, Jean Hill was an eyewitness to the assassination of John Kennedy on 22 November 1963 and has a pretty good idea as to what happend - but aren't these memories rather than ideas?
toI've called the ideas captured in our network of neurons our Idea Libuary, but this is also what we generally call our memories. Is there a difference between memory and ideas - possibly not in my def of idea .......Your Deceptive Mind: A Scientific Guide to Critical Thinking Skills Chpt 4 Jean Hill and another
- comparison idea v memory ted talk and model
{end of - cut out of article ater footer link}
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distribution and style of diagram
{from - new to go somewhere} Help re bell distribution eg class population height ranges even distribution so bell, £ i/c distribution to left / lower.
distribution xxx vvvv = shows the distribution of a feature in a population, which could be peoples height in a classroom, county etc, or possibly pay distribution. If the feature is evenly distributed, such as height, a classic bell cure occurs, the most common height shows as a peak in the centre with unusually high and low members of the population at the sides. Pay distribution is possibly not a symmetrical bell shape, there will be a peak at the most common pay level and again unusually low and high levels either side. However there will probably be a few extremely high pay individuals and a lot of low pay individuals which will push the peak to the left.
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Examples of Idea fit with temperament and worldview / attitude
When we are confronted with a new idea we view it in relation to our current idea libuary. It may be of little interest to us and hence be ignored and possibly forgoten; or it may resonate with our libuary, in a positive or negative way, and possibly with a level of emotion {trigger something response ref??}. So here I'm saying that this assimulation process of a new idea results in its Appeal.
- - - was - The Appeal attribute is the result of the process of assimulating a new idea with idea libuary, including process querks such as confirmation bias and emotion attribute and is therefore subjective, hence its different representation.
Many attributes of an idea are on a sliding scale of objectivity e.g. time, location, topic, verasity; but obviously its Appeal is very personal and subjective. 'Technocally' the topic should be the same for all of us, but we all put our personal spin on what its reaaly about; and when it comes to varasity its very often open season. was - The topic is objective and hence agreed
worked example Image of the bus - The topic here is the UK EU referendum in june 2016, but of course this could easily divert into "the real topic is the Conservative Party's internel problems". The topic should be / is objective, but it suffers influence of idea libuary as does verasity - these have both objective and subjective views.
UK EU referendum idea - what is its Appeal to you
Other posible triggered ideas / images
another bus image idea
other referendum ideas
The adjacent image is an example of a "cold idea" using symbols / language that requires aditional ideas about English for it to be of significance. Excluding the bus itself, it's obviously not an idea about the physical world and is an idea about our ideas in the class of Loosly or un-constrainedan ideas if this idea had related to a product advertisment some control and constaint would be placed on its varasity, but political adverts / slogans are not subject to the UK Advertising Standards Authority because. This image / idea has been debated many times and as such has a very low level of varasity consensus.
This single image idea can relate to, or trigger, many different ideas:
- the bus itself, nice new modern one, which could trigger ideas of the oposite e.g. old battered up ones and memorable journies
- other messages on busses: existance of God, get over some people being gay etc
- other referendum ideas: Turkey is joining the EU, the costs of leaving the EU etc
- £350 million per week paid to the EU
- we could fund the NHS instead
- you must vote Leave
- we could regain control
But the verasity of the £350 million is very subjective
as is the regain control
Varasity of the idea is underlining v. d above atributes are objective, even extent of varasity, but this attribute is the result of assimulation proc of new found info v idea lib, how much does it Appeal IN THIS CASE. eg 350 on bus same for all but more +ve Appeal to some,
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Idea - Movement of ideas brain to brain v computer to computer
Intro comparison to computer xfr
od data. Complete document and save as doc or html, copy to memory stick in binary form PC native core format (can't as yet store in active form so must do in record that can be loaded into action device / processors-s as in Turing unoiversal machine format) copy to new PC as binary and then distant doc or html versed app decodes / processes binary and re-establishes same screens.
- We not like that, our native storeage is nural networks storage / delay line constant action not lend itself to static copy and paste (althoug building block is similarly binary - neuron firing or not ref Dumbledore and Dick) not tranferable.
- So instead the doc has to be printed, read and OCRd and something like back as was, other eg doc is read out and record, then use voice recognition, with learning of voice to get back to text then use dicionary / grammer cassessemnt to correct possible error (interpretation) and get some thing similar again. Need a picture.
move center had grenad down to cpu
A we don't use direct brain to brain communication (unless you beleive in mental telepathy) we have grown up (both evolved - phylogeny and personally - ontogeny).
Back to: what is an idea
Visual cortex v Occipital lobe
text file saved
divide line between black and white has strongest local contrast (that is, edge detection)
orientation, spatial frequency, and colour
What is the difference between occipital lobe, and visual cortex, in the human brain?
https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20120704052842AAStE4A
They generally refer to the same thing, just one is defined by location (occipital comes from the Latin words meaning behind the head) whereas visual cortex refers to it's function. If you were referring purely to anatomy, you might be more likely to refer to it as the occipital lobe (e.g. a patient has damage to the occipital lobe from a car crash), whereas a psychologist talking about *function* may be more likely to say call it the visual cortex. Both talking about the same area though.
You can be more specific in some instances, for example, the primary visual cortex (V1) and extra-striate visual cortex refer to specific parts of the occipital lobe, though I'd assume they meant the whole thing unless specified though. And of course, there are areas of the brain that deal with visual information that aren't on the occipital lobe, but they aren't referred to as the visual cortex.
Visual cortex v Occipital lobe
Occipital lobe
http://www.btbuddies.org.uk/about-high-grade-brain-tumours/areas-of-the-brain-and-their-functions.html
The occipital cortex is the primary visual area of the brain. It receives projections from the retina (via the thalamus) from where different groups of neurons separately encode different visual information such as color, orientation, and motion. Pathways from the occipital lobes reach the temporal and Parietal Lobes and are eventually processed consciously. Two important pathways of information originating in the occipital lobes are the dorsal and ventral streams. The dorsal stream projects to the parietal lobes and processes where objects are located. The ventral stream projects to structures in the temporal lobes and processes what objects are.
Visual cortex h1
Visual cortex h2
Visual cortex h3
Visual cortex h4
Visual cortex h5
Visual cortex h6
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_cortex
The visual cortex of the brain is the part of the cerebral cortex responsible for processing visual information.
The primary (parts of the cortex that receive sensory inputs from the thalamus) visual cortex is also known as V1, Visual area one, and the striate cortex. The extrastriate areas consist of visual areas two (V2), three (V3), four (V4), and five (V5). Both hemispheres of a brain contain a visual cortex; the left hemisphere visual cortex receives signals from the right visual field, and the right visual cortex from the left visual field.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_cortex
The cerebral cortex is the cerebrum's (brain) outer layer of neural tissue in humans and other mammals. It is divided into two cortices, along the sagittal plane: the left and right cerebral hemispheres divided by the medial longitudinal fissure. The cerebral cortex plays a key role in memory, attention, perception, awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. The human cerebral cortex is 2 to 4 millimetres (0.079 to 0.157 in) thick.[1]
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Origins of the Human Mind Parts I & II Stephen P. Hinshaw, Ph.D.
©2010 The Teaching Company. 47
Lecture One - Brains and Minds, Evolution and Development
III. How did the human brain, and mind, evolve from those of other mammals and primates across hundreds of millions of years, and how did modern humans gain an artistic, language-related, and self-reflective power across the past 150,000 years?
C. A timeline of the past 150,000 years shows the presence of a remarkable compression of the growth of human abilities and the human mind within the past 30,000–40,000 years, leading to speculation that cultural evolution, rather than natural selection, has shaped the human mind.
Timelines
*Note: Hominid separation from lineage with chimpanzees: 5–7 Ma.
7 Ma – present chimpanzee
Brain size 350 cm3. Use of natural stones as tools; urge to play; display some empathy; episodic skills salient.
4–5 Ma Ardipithecus ramidus
Brain size 350 cm3. Less aggressive than chimps, with less pronounced canine teeth; apparently lived in both trees and on ground.
3–4 Ma Australo-pithecus afarensis
Brain size 475 cm3. Possibly split stones as tools; episodic skills salient. It’s unclear if Australopithecus is direct ancestor of Homo sapiens.
1.6–2.5 Ma Homo habilis
Brain size 630 cm3. Use of chopper tools but no teaching or innovation, tools stayed much the same for the duration of the species; mimetic skills more salient.
2 Ma–150 Ka Homo erectus
Brain size 1000 cm3. More complex tools, like hand ax, but still no teaching or innovation within this species; speech apparatus with more clarity; mimetic skills salient.
500 Ka–28 Ka Neanderthal
Brain size 1500 cm3. Even more complex tools, like spears and limited teaching and innovation; speech apparatus with more clarity; mimetic skills salient and beginnings of mythic skills.
150 Ka–present Homo sapiens
Brain size 1350 cm3. Ever more complex tools, including ornamented knives and spears, all the way to agricultural instruments and metal weapons; much teaching and innovation through the development of human culture; speech apparatus fully developed: mythic skills fully realized.
Part II: Advances for Homo sapiens
125,000 Ya ...................................... Earliest evidence of burial rituals, assuming a belief in an afterlife.
80,000 Ya ........................................ Early art in the form of symmetrical scrapings on tools.
60,000–75,000 Ya ........................... Modern humans migrate out of Africa.
30,000 Ya ........................................ Advanced cave art, modern hunting tools, more elaborate burial rituals, and evidence of musical instruments. Positive selection pressure for genes related to brain development.
10,000 Ya ........................................ Evidence of agriculture, animal domestication, and permanent settlements. Positive selection pressure for genes related to skin color, lactate production, and, potentially, brain complexity.
6,000 Ya .......................................... Systematic written symbols appear; writing develops theoretic skills.
2,000–4,000 Ya ................................. Modern cultures in Egypt, Greece, China, Africa, and the New World.
600 Ya ............................................. Printing press invented.
150–200 Ya ..................................... Industrial Revolution.
50–60 Ya ......................................... Modern computers invented.
Wiki info in Human Evo with link to Behavioral modernity - also in Human Evo Timeline Hominidae text in Excel sheet
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evograms_07
/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Human_timeline
Behavioral modernity - Alternative Models - Contrasted with this view of a spontaneous leap in cognition among ancient humans [Late Upper Paleolithic Model or "Revolution" - Great Leap fwd 50 ka ... though anatomically modern humans first appear around 150,000 years ago, they were not cognitively or behaviorally "modern" until around 50,000 years ago, leading to their expansion into Europe and Asia.] some authors like Alison S. Brooks, primarily working in African archaeology, point to the gradual accumulation of "modern" behaviors, starting well before the 50,000 year benchmark of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution models.[1][2][19] Howiesons Poort, Blombos, and other South African archaeological sites, for example, show evidence of marine resource acquisition, trade, and abstract ornamentation at least by 80,000 years ago.[1][7] Given evidence from Africa and the Middle East, a variety of hypotheses have been put forth to describe an earlier, gradual transition from simple to more complex human behavior. Some authors have pushed back the appearance of fully modern behavior to around 80,000 years ago in order to incorporate the South African data.[19]
Others focus on the slow accumulation of different technologies and behaviors across time. These researchers[1][2] describe how anatomically modern humans could have been cognitively the same [160 ka ref wiki & excel] and what we define as behavioral modernity is just the result of thousands of years of cultural adaptation and learning. D'Errico and others have looked at Neanderthal culture rather than early human behavior for clues into behavioral modernity.[5] Noting that Neanderthal assemblages often portray similar traits as those listed for modern human behavior, researchers stress that the foundations for behavioral modernity may in fact lie deeper in our hominin ancestors.[20] If both modern humans and Neanderthals express abstract art and complex tools then "modern human behavior" cannot be a derived trait for our species. They argue that the original 'human revolution' theory reflects a profound Eurocentric bias. Recent archaeological evidence, they argue, proves that humans evolving in Africa some 300,000 or even 400,000 years ago were already becoming cognitively and behaviourally 'modern'. These features include blade and microlithic technology, bone tools, increased geographic range, specialized hunting, the use of aquatic resources, long distance trade, systematic processing and use of pigment, and art and decoration. These items do not occur suddenly together as predicted by the ‘‘human revolution’’ model, but at sites that are widely separated in space and time. This suggests a gradual assembling of the package of modern human behaviours in Africa, and its later export to other regions of the Old World.
Timeline of human evolution: 1.8 Ma - Homo erectus evolves in Africa.Homo erectus would bear a striking resemblance to modern humans, but had a brain about 74 percent of the size of modern man.
Control of fire by early humans is achieved about 1.5 Ma by Homo ergaster.
Homo heidelbergensis was a very large hominin that developed a more advanced complement of cutting tools and may have hunted big game such as horses.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans .
The control of fire by early humans was a turning point in the cultural aspect of human evolution. ....
Claims for the earliest definitive evidence of control of fire by a member of Homo range from 0.2 to 1.7 million years ago (Mya).[1] Evidence for the controlled use of fire by Homo erectus, beginning some 400,000 years ago, has wide scholarly support.[2][3] Evidence of widespread control of fire by anatomically modern humans dates to approximately 125,000 years ago.[4]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution ... link from cultural aspect above goes to soc-evo as here:
.... Sociocultural evolution is "the process by which structural reorganization is affected through time, eventually producing a form or structure which is qualitatively different from the ancestral form".
/wiki/Human_evolution - wiki: Homo ergaster (meaning "working man") or African Homo erectus
bodge
/wiki/Human_evolution - wiki: Homo ergaster (meaning "working man") or African Homo erectus
/wiki/Human_evolution
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Deductive and Inductive
also cog psycho p443
from - http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-logic.html
There are two types of logical arguments - deductive and inductive. Examples of these are:
Deductive – This type of reasoning provides complete evidence of the truth of its conclusion. It uses a specific and accurate premise that leads to a specific and accurate conclusion. With correct premises, the conclusion to this type of argument is verifiable and correct.
Inductive - This type of reasoning is "bottom up," meaning that it takes specific information and makes a broad generalization that is considered probable, allowing for the fact that the conclusion may not be accurate. This type of reasoning usually involves a rule being established based on a series of repeated experiences.
Read more at http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-logic.html#06ewXtEIfR6AZRvP.99
Deductive Logic
All squares are rectangles. All rectangles have four sides. Logic, therefore, tells you that all squares have four sides.
Read more at http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-logic.html#06ewXtEIfR6AZRvP.99
When it rains the trees get wet. The trees are wet this morning, so it rained last night.
Read more at http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-logic.html#06ewXtEIfR6AZRvP.99
Inductive Logic
An umbrella prevents you from getting wet in the rain. Ashley took her umbrella and she did not get wet. In this case, you could use inductive reasoning to offer an opinion that it was probably raining. Your concluson, however, would not necessarily be accurate because Ashley would have remained dry whether it rained and she had an umbrella, or whether it did not rain at all.
Every three year old you see at the park every afternoon spends most of their time crying and screaming. Your conclusion is that all three year olds spend their afternoon screaming.
Every house that burned down on the block was caused by faulty wiring. You conclusion is that all homes on the block have faulty wiring.
Red lights prevent accidents. Mike did not have an accident, therefore Mike stopped at a red light. This is an example of inductive reasoning; but, it is faulty reasoning because Mike might not have encountered any traffic signals at all. Therefore, he might have been able to avoid accidents even without stopping at a red light.
Read more at http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-logic.html#06ewXtEIfR6AZRvP.99
Occures in: what is an idea
My speculation on ideas
My ideas about ideas may be regarded as mere speculation, but they are based on how my thought processes appear to work to me and possibly yours work in a similar way. I'm proposing a model of how we may process the mass of ideas that we find, or seek out, every day and then contribute our own ideas to that ever swelling mass. My model is based on the simple premise of process and data, but never the less hopefully results in a useful representation of how our information sharing happens. The precise details of the mechanisms enabling the proposed processes are missing, but I hope the proposed processes are reasonably feasibly based on my limited knowledge of brain anatomy. Processes operate on data and to that end I have tried to define the information that we share in data terms - I have chosen what we call an idea as a starting point. The resulting over complication of a word that we happily use every day may appear to many as unnecessary bunkum, but I hope you may get to see its value.
There are many theories about the nature of our brains eg evo psycho p 231 Computational theroy of mind - different levels of explanation, but different from Lenoxe's. Some theories require an explanation of consciousness, how can this model give consciousness, it's something to describe (the engine gets hot and makes many different noises, what sort of device could do this) to me just an emipheonina - the engine just does that.
...... suggestion about the nature of flame and not a detailed explanation of the mechanisums causing it - e.g. phlogiston v oxygen ... evolution process but without mechanisum of genes
For a bit more on this try Thought comes before language or thought and language are interdependent processes?.
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John Lennox et al
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Many versions of supper natural world
The exact nature of this extra layer is disputed with many versions being propossed. It would be fare to assume this would be the variety of world religions of which there are there are many. But it not even that simple, there are Idealist who beleive that mind is the most fundamental reality in the universe and .... that mind (the operation of brain) creates reality, leading to the idea that all minds are part of a joint conciusnes including the original creator conciousnes Idealisum (in many forms) and in turn various challenges to it.
Idealist philosophy believes that the mind exists, and that our sense of the external world (physical reality) is simply a construction of the mind. Given that all our knowledge is in fact a creation of the mind (imagination) it has been difficult to refute this - to get from our ideas of things to the real thing in itself (see Kant).
Christian, Jewish and musul versions of a single God, Hindu of multiple Gods Philosophy-Realism-Idealism the expanding words whatever they may be. leaing to different principles of non physical world including
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Further speculation on the worldview first
original note in article - My speculation on the early establishment of worldview style is covered further (with a ready answere to most of these questions.examples) in {link to article or foot note}
but is this right - Goo when does worldview form Worldview Transformation and the Development of Social Consciousness
another view Common Sense Atheism
Frances .. also got religion, studdied all and became a christian, but Sue Black became a "Budist".
Comparison of Idea definition
{Idea section copy before edited}
The above distintion of knowledge or proposal ideas does to some degree align with the Oxford Dicionary that gives 3 senses for the word 'idea'
- A thought or suggestion as to a possible course of action as: a) A mental impression b) An opinion or belief.
- The aim or purpose.
- Philosophy (in Platonic thought)
For now, the distintion in 1. of 'mental impression' and 'opinion or belief' is not relavent here and the specialist use in Philosophy not covered at all. For more on the comparison of distintions see definition of idea, but in sumary 'knowledge ideas' form memories while 'proposal ideas' only have asociated memories.
{END Idea section coy}
Example of word idea: idea/knowledge = some info that exists and can be describerd; idea/proposal = lets do x, x can be described but the result of x is yet to happen
For the purposes of this model tey are very closy linked or even the same ....This may be a linguistic smoke and mirrors but from a neurologics view they are the same.
Ideas about:
- politics - conservative party, labour party, Corbyn, Brexit, Trump
- places - Barcelona
- facts - Paris
Example of word idea: idea/knowledge = some info that exists and can be describerd; idea/proposal = lets do x, x can be described but the result of x is yet to happen
- (proposal) I've a good idea/proposal, lets go to sea-side 2mrw
- (info) you have some strange ideas/knowledge
- I don't like the idea/knowledge that we'll never be able to go ..
- http://www.manythings.org/sentences/words/idea/21.html
- Tom has a pretty good idea/knowledge who painted graffiti on his wall.
- Do you have any idea/knowledge how much it cost me to become a member here?
- The idea/knowledge was so advanced that I couldn't understand it.
- The idea/knowledge that air has weight was surprising to the child.
- Democracy is an idea/knowledge that goes back to the ancient Greeks.
- Joe's idea/knowledge for a new kind of car will make him filthy rich.
- You should not try to force your ideas/knowledge on others.
- They did not agree with all of Oglethorpe's ideas/knowledge.
- Let me give you some ideas/knowledge on how to rewrite this.
- https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/idea
- 1. a thought or suggestion as to a possible course of action. "recently, the idea/knowledge of linking pay to performance has caught on"
- 2. the aim or purpose. (all idea/proposal?
"I took a job with the idea/proposal of getting some money together"
"Perhaps the idea of us meeting up again was not the purpose of our encounter."
"It involves listening to the other side, not with the idea of debate but for the purpose of learning."
"Of course, the whole idea is to go there to concentrate and focus on the work, not on what to do in the evenings." - 3. Philosophy (in Platonic thought)
- http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/idea.html
- A thought or collection of thoughts that generate in the mind. An idea/knowledge/proposal is usually generated with intent, but can also be created unintentionally. Ideas often form during brainstorming sessions or through discussions.
- An impression or notion that tries to portray the overarching scope or outline. "Give me a general ideas/knowledge of how much the project will cost," refers to the fact that the supervisor needs a general estimate of how much the employee believes the project will cost.
- An opinion or belief. "My ideas/knowledge is that a telephone call is more personal than email," represents an opinion of which method of communication is more personal.
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The model here does however make distintions based on the time frame of the idea. If at the time of experiencing the idea we know (or could know) some content of the idea it's a type i. as below. But if the idea about doing something in the future, so as yet we know nothing about the outcome or idea content, it is a category ii. below. As mention earlier, there are 'knowledge ideas' associated with the 'proposal idea' and possibly speculated knowledge about its outcome thanks to our ability to plan the furtre.
- idea as in knowledge = some info that exists and can be describerd e.g.
from 2: ‘If you were passing you wouldn't give this door a second look, which must have been the idea when they installed it.’ purpose of door style idea (of which knowledge ) not to draw attention
from 2: ‘I suppose the original idea behind the award is to foster great comedy and to open it up to a broader range of performers and audiences.’ - purpose of award idea (of which lots of knowledge) to produce good comedy.
from 1: ‘Of the ten ideas suggested, five attracted significantly more votes than the rest.’ - lots of knowledge re all 10 ideas.
from 1: ‘An English geologist has come up with one of the most ingenious ideas yet suggested.' - knowledge of the inginious idea. - idea as in proposal = lets do x, x can be described but the result of x is yet to happen e.g. from 2:
‘It involves listening to the other side, not with the idea of debate but for the purpose of learning.’ - proposal to listen, but not know about ideas yet.
‘The whole idea of on-line courses is that everyone can study what they want.’ - purpose of on-line courses (of whivh lots of knowledge) is to give more availability. WRONG PLACE
‘Of course, the whole idea is to go there to concentrate and focus on the work, not on what to do in the evenings.’ - knowledge re work, WRONG PLACE
from 1: none?
try give eg sentances to support i & ii and different from Dic -
1 - "recently, the idea [knowledge] of linking pay to performance has caught on"
2 - "Of course, the whole idea [purpose] is to go there to concentrate and focus on the work, not on what to do in the evenings."
"I do not know what I may appear to the world; but to myself I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the seashore, and diverting myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me" - possibly Isaac Newton
On shore line knowledge behind, idea is to go foward to find more, perhaps ore like entrance to maze
For further comparisons of definition and examples see definition of idea.
For example, Jean Hill was an eyewitness to the assassination of John Kennedy on 22 November 1963 and has a pretty good idea as to what happend - but aren't these memories rather than ideas?
toI've called the ideas captured in our network of neurons our Idea Libuary, but this is also what we generally call our memories. Is there a difference between memory and ideas - possibly not in my def of idea .......Your Deceptive Mind: A Scientific Guide to Critical Thinking Skills Chpt 4 Jean Hill and another
- comparison idea v memory ted talk and model
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distribution and style of diagram
{from - new to go somewhere} Help re bell distribution eg class population height ranges even distribution so bell, £ i/c distribution to left / lower.
distribution xxx vvvv = shows the distribution of a feature in a population, which could be peoples height in a classroom, county etc, or possibly pay distribution. If the feature is evenly distributed, such as height, a classic bell cure occurs, the most common height shows as a peak in the centre with unusually high and low members of the population at the sides. Pay distribution is possibly not a symmetrical bell shape, there will be a peak at the most common pay level and again unusually low and high levels either side. However there will probably be a few extremely high pay individuals and a lot of low pay individuals which will push the peak to the left.
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Examples of Idea fit with temperament and worldview / attitude
When we are confronted with a new idea we view it in relation to our current idea libuary. It may be of little interest to us and hence be ignored and possibly forgoten; or it may resonate with our libuary, in a positive or negative way, and possibly with a level of emotion {trigger something response ref??}. So here I'm saying that this assimulation process of a new idea results in its Appeal.
- - - was - The Appeal attribute is the result of the process of assimulating a new idea with idea libuary, including process querks such as confirmation bias and emotion attribute and is therefore subjective, hence its different representation.
Many attributes of an idea are on a sliding scale of objectivity e.g. time, location, topic, verasity; but obviously its Appeal is very personal and subjective. 'Technocally' the topic should be the same for all of us, but we all put our personal spin on what its reaaly about; and when it comes to varasity its very often open season. was - The topic is objective and hence agreed
worked example Image of the bus - The topic here is the UK EU referendum in june 2016, but of course this could easily divert into "the real topic is the Conservative Party's internel problems". The topic should be / is objective, but it suffers influence of idea libuary as does verasity - these have both objective and subjective views.
UK EU referendum idea - what is its Appeal to you
Other posible triggered ideas / images
another bus image idea
other referendum ideas
The adjacent image is an example of a "cold idea" using symbols / language that requires aditional ideas about English for it to be of significance. Excluding the bus itself, it's obviously not an idea about the physical world and is an idea about our ideas in the class of Loosly or un-constrainedan ideas if this idea had related to a product advertisment some control and constaint would be placed on its varasity, but political adverts / slogans are not subject to the UK Advertising Standards Authority because. This image / idea has been debated many times and as such has a very low level of varasity consensus.
This single image idea can relate to, or trigger, many different ideas:
- the bus itself, nice new modern one, which could trigger ideas of the oposite e.g. old battered up ones and memorable journies
- other messages on busses: existance of God, get over some people being gay etc
- other referendum ideas: Turkey is joining the EU, the costs of leaving the EU etc
- £350 million per week paid to the EU
- we could fund the NHS instead
- you must vote Leave
- we could regain control
But the verasity of the £350 million is very subjective
as is the regain control
Varasity of the idea is underlining v. d above atributes are objective, even extent of varasity, but this attribute is the result of assimulation proc of new found info v idea lib, how much does it Appeal IN THIS CASE. eg 350 on bus same for all but more +ve Appeal to some,
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ARIS Build & Grow model Info psudo
Building, growing, maintaining and running us, or any organisum, is done by creating lots of new cells. This is done by growing cells that eventually divide to form two cells that continue the cycle - 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and after 100 divisions we have 2 100 that cell.on of cells. We are with the idea, but it is nothing like the way we build things. If we want to extend or grow our house the bricks, tilesand timber is'nt delivered through the front door and then somehow applied from the inside. vary familia
BSoL lec32
The emergence of the structure of an organism clearly depends on genetic information, but genes alone cannot fully account for all aspects of development. One obvious reason this is true is that development in multicellular organisms does not simply produce a large group of identical cells. A zygote has a given set of genes that is accurately copied and transmitted to its daughter cells. If genes were solely responsible for development, every daughter cell would be the same because we expect them to have the same genes. We know that different cells can express different genes, but what ultimately is responsible for determining which genes are expressed?
Clearly, something external to the genome must be responsible for differences that arise among cells in the development of a multicellular organism. Factors external to genes that affect gene expression may be collectively referred to as the environment. Gene expression may be modulated by environmental factors that are completely external to the developing organism, such as temperature and nutrition. These factors can affect development to the extent of producing completely different forms under different conditions, as in the case of the moth Nemoria arizonaria.
Although the external environment clearly influences the development of organisms, two other sets of factors control the orderly progress of development. Though outside the organism's genes, these environmental factors are internal to the organism. The first crucial environmental factor is the cellular contents of the fertilized egg. These stored factors are called cytoplasmic determinants, or maternal determinants because they necessarily come from the mother. The second crucial environmental factor is interactions among cells. Cell-to-cell interactions become increasingly important as cells become more specialized and assume their proper positions and proportions. The end result is that the development of a complex organism is due not just to the organism's genetic blueprint, but also to the way the environment - defined on several levels - influences the expression of that blueprint.
Development depends on three main processes.
The first process is cell division clearly, for a single cell to produce the many cells that make up an organism, it must divide properly and in the proper amounts.
The second process is differentiation, in which cells become specialized, developing specifi c structures and functions. Differences in gene expression play an essential role in differentiation.
The third main process of development is called morphogenesis, which literally means "creation of form." Morphogenesis refers to a set of mechanisms that change the shape and organization of an organism's structure.
One morphogenetic mechanism involves cells changing their shape. Changes in cell shape cause tissue layers to bend and fold, creating more complex shapes out of simpler ones.
A second morphogenetic mechanism is cell movement. Cells move by reaching out cellular protrusions that then drag the rest of the cell along. Molecules on the surfaces of cells, such as glycoproteins, help cells adhere selectively to other cells during movement.
A third morphogenetic mechanism involves cells that are pre-programmed to die (a process called apoptosis). Programmed cell death is important, for example, in creating the spaces between our fingers and toes.
The specific details of development vary greatly from species to species; however, the earliest events in development always create asymmetries that establish the basic body plan of the organism. In plants, the fundamental asymmetry is along the vertical root-shoot axis; in animals, the most fundamental asymmetry is along the head-to-tail (anterior-posterior) axis.
Understanding Genetics: lec 17
C. The evolution of development is surprising.
1. Development is the process by which an organism goes from fertilized egg to birth. In humans, it involves expression of about one-third of the total genes.
2. The amazing aspect of development is that the basic tool kit for making a complex organism is similar throughout biology. A limited number of genes is involved in making a worm or fly or mouse or person.
3. The first hint of this came with the discovery that genes that control which segment of a fruit fly developed which structure are similar to the genes that control the development of the body plan in humans. This initiated a new field: evo-devo (evolutionary developmental biology).
a. Example: Over 90% of animals have eyes, but there are very different types. We have camera eyes, but insects have compound eyes (many eyes in a single structure). In 1915, a mutant fruit fly was discovered that had no eyes. This remained a lab curiosity until developmental geneticist Walter Gerhing found that the actual protein phenotype was a protein that stimulates transcription of eye genes.
b. When the DNA sequence for the fly eye factor was compared by computer to other genomes, a similar gene was found in the human genome. Gene swapping experiments by recombinant DNA showed that the fly gene could stimulate mouse eye formation in the embryo and vice versa. So the mechanism for control is the same throughout the animals.
4. This leads to rapid evolution: Just adding (or mutating) a promoter of a transcription protein can activate a gene that was not active before. Since the human and chimp genomes have lots of inserts and deletions, this may be the key difference.
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general thoughts and notes
8feb20 - after NHM visit, fossil id and creature time-line detective work and hypothesis as to what happened, but not know what the crime was, and even if a crime - evol no intentions to break. So piece together evidence and hope to find evidential fossil to support current hypo, but may grow to dispute hypo and need start again. This gives argument to religionists that it's just a theory, yet to be proved, in the meantime God done it, or he done it via evo and we still too stupid to see his great works.
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Covid 19 & coevolution - data evolutionary selection {taken up in Environment now}
now moved to Glossary - need to chang ref to here
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Supermarket choosing products
A good set of examples about the importance of emotion in decision making is given in The Brain the Story of You 19 p122. Emotions are attached to many of our memories and the ideas that we juggle when making a decision. David Eagleman's book and TV series describes how the body provides information to the brain about its emotional status in the current situation, e.g. when about to enter a garden you see a dog in a threatening posture, this triggers a set of automatic and subconscious physiological response: increased heart rate, tightening in the gut, tensing of muscles, pupil dilation, changes in blood hormones, opening of sweat glands, and so on. This has a real-time survival impact on the decision to enter the garden or not, and your knowledge of dog attack statistics is of secondary importance; however in other situations a knowledge of animal behaviour and avoidance strategies may be lifesaving - don’t try to out run a bear, stand your ground and look big and scary, easier said than done.
I suggest that many of the automatic dog responses are inherited from our ancestors' experiences with wild animals, at least those that survived to reproduce, in the same way that most wild animals are rightly wary of humans. But there will also be personal memories of both good and bad dog experiences - is he just play acting, probably not. But more pleasant experiences, such as eating a favourite ice-cream, have a different set of responses that help in difficult decisions about ice-cream purchase.
In the book David Eagleman describes how the body signals its status to the brain when viewing: dogs, a freezer full of ice-creams or cabinet of potatoes, soup etc. However, all these responses are initiated by the brain and memories of past events, which then creates a bodily reconstruction that feedbacks to brain - the body itself has no memory, muscle memory is sequences of contractions stored in the brain. So this suggests that rather than the thinking process assessing emotional details relating to memories or ideas directly, it relies on the body’s re-constructed signals, appropriate to the relevant emotional memory of the event, and uses this summary of good or bad.
Another example is given to support the reality of body feedback being essential to our decision process: Tammy Myers was a competent engineer making daily professional decision until a motorcycle accident that caused brain damage to her orbitofrontal cortex - a region critical for integrating signals from the body indicating whether we are: hungry, nervous, excited, embarrassed, thirst, joyful. After the damage she could function normally except handling even the simplest of life's daily decisions such as, which of the many potatoes on sale at the supermarket should she buy? She is aware of the pros and cons of a choice, but even the simplest situation is mired in indecision.
{much repeat of above now - extract anything usful and dump}
The book and the subsequent TV series take slightly different approaches and the book concentrates more on general feedback from the body to brain that provides a summary of the current situation in relation to past situations and general status e.g p122 “thinking about your budget … barking dog [earlier example threating dog triggering physiological responses in your body: increased heart rate, tightening in the gut, tensing of muscles, pupil dilation etc. that help make a decision to avoid it] …..you to decide”.
The above list of body responses are coming from memories of past events involving: lack of money, various soups or aggressive dogs. But if reasonable well off the price of soups probably won’t elicit much bodily feedback (but intellectually we all like value for money), although warnings to avoid an unpleasant soup event will do doubt occur, and a reminder of dog contact is very useful. The body itself obviously doesn’t remember anything (muscle memory just a convenient term for sequences of muscle contractions subconsciously stored in the brain), when thinking about soup, and memories of soup A comes into focus, the body also responds and recreates the appropriate responses, which the brain detects and takes note of. But in Tammy Myers’ case these recreated responses are not reaching the brain and leaving her with nothing to base a decision upon.
Apparently she is aware of the pros and cons of a choice that would include: prices per kilo or pound, nutrition information, and possibly shapes, colours and smells, but without the help of a suitable app it would be a difficult balancing act – just calculating value based on price per pound, ounces or kilo hard enough. In the TV series she knew she want big potatoes and must have memories of cooking big potatoes and that she liked potatoes so there some intellectual memory still there but the emotional past experience of particular potatoes is missing and thereby making final decision impossible. Intellectually she may as well toss a coin or spend hours calculating, but emotional we normal pick “that one cause I like it for some reason” based on past body responses – or is it advertising, probably both?
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The wrong and right of deduction
All men are mortal - Socrates is a man - and therefore Socrates is mortal.
All swans are white - Miss Bennet is white, and therefore Miss Bennet - is a swan.
All 4 premises are true in themselves, and even if Miss Bennet is milky white rather than plain white, but the problem lies with the linking of major and minor premise.
In the adjacent diagram:
- Man/men is shown as an entity, which has an attribute of mortal, and Socrates is shown as an instance of the man entity. Socrates, and all other instances of man, are then saddled with all and any attributes of man, including being mortal.
- Swans are shown as an entity with attributes of white or black (before 1697 all swans were white, i.e. before Willem de Vlamingh found black swans in Australia), and Louie (from The Trumpet of the Swan: Louie the Hero) is shown as an instance of swan, and so Louie may be white or black in this case. But of course Miss Bennet is not an instance of swan, and nor is she a minor premise of the swan premise.
- And to address Miss Bennet – white is shown as an attribute of swans, but it can also be considered as an entity that has its own attributes, such as reflecting all colors of white light equally, or perhaps being the most popular paint colour. Miss Bennet can now be an instance of the white entity (along with swans and many other things but not swarthy Socrates) and so she reflects all light.
She could also be the minor premise of the major premise all whites reflect all light: all whites reflect all light - Miss Bennet is white - Therefore, Miss Bennet reflects all light - To complete the picture, the entity of women are also mortals of which Miss Bennet (and Mrs Socrates) are instances and who are therefore mortals too.
The subjects of the major premises are men and swans, which have attributes of mortal and white.
In the minor premises Socrates has an attribute of man that legitimately links back to the major subject;
but in the other minor premises Miss Bennet has an attribute of white that doesn't link to the subject of the major premise, which is swan - a rule has been broken.
all men are mortal, Socrates is a man, and therefore Socrates is mortal
all swans are white, Bennet is white, and therefore Bennet is swan
all swans are white, Bennet is swan, and therefore Bennet is white
all whites are swans, Bennet is white, and therefore Bennet is swan
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Altruistic behaviour
stuff for footnote - Haldane famously joking that he would willingly die for two brothers or eight cousins - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin_selection#Hamilton's_rule; According to Hamilton's rule, kin selection causes genes to increase in frequency when the genetic relatedness of a recipient to an actor multiplied by the benefit to the recipient is greater than the reproductive cost to the actor; http://www.joelvelasco.net/teaching/5330(fall2015)/dawkins79-12_Misunderstandings.pdf - Twelve Misunderstandings of Kin Selection By RICHARD DAWKINS; https://www.irishtimes.com/news/i-think-therefore-i-am-not-totally-controlled-by-my-selfish-genes-1.1010865 - I think, therefore I am not totally controlled by my 'selfish genes'
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Groups - favour fellows & disadvantage out-groupers
setting just a and b groups and form aleagence - where course?, MRi san and jabbing in / out groupers
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Suitably formed stone
Something discovered and used as just a hand tool long before, but the idea of which type of stone to use and how to shape it must have taken a long time to develop with many people imitating each other, making deliberate or accidental changes that were recognised as improvements and perpetuated. These early hand axes were used by our ancestors homo erectus around 1.6 million years ago, but became one of the longest used tool in human history. Many different styles have been found in many parts of the world, possible the production ideas were “re-discovered” many times, but established production ideas must also have been passed on over generation and to many locations. The idea to attach a handle to the stone or hafting it came much later: “More than 125,000 years ago, early Archaic humans such as Homo heidelbergensis developed the extensive use of hafted stone tools”
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Social Darwinism
While Darwin was thinking about biological evolution many others were also thinking about society and how it was evolving towards some higher goal. This included some key players: Jean-Baptiste Lamarck 1744–1829, Thomas Malthus 1766–1834, (Charles Darwin 1809–1882), Herbert Spencer 1820–1903, Sir Francis Galton 1822–1911.
foot note – in the many years that Darwin was thinking about biological evolution many others were thinking about the evolution of society and how it should follow the Victorian ideals to strive for improvement, in fact that is where the expression survival of the fittest came from.
Social Darwinism What Is Social Darwinism? (slife.org) – Social Darwinism - Connections - Eugenics Archives during the early days of Darwin’s thinking around evolution and natural selection there was much though going on about society and its evolution
Alfred Russel Wallace
{first drafts} foot note – in the period prior to Darwin’s publication many others were thinking about society and how it was evolving towards some higher goal, which was the thinking behind Lamaks "inheritance of acquired characteristics". Others ement
Whilst Darwin was thinking for many years about biological evolution many others were thinking about the evolution of society and how it should follow the Victorian ideals to strive for improvement, in fact that is where the expression survival of the fittest came from.
Social Darwinism What Is Social Darwinism? (slife.org) – Social Darwinism - Connections - Eugenics Archives during the early days of Darwin’s thinking around evolution and natural selection there was much though going on about society and its evolution
Alfred Russel Wallace
As previously mentioned there was a thinking branch point in the western world in 17th century when ideas were beginning to be tested against the realities of the physical world – the beginnings of modern science. Darwin's (and Alfred Wallace’s) theory of evolution was part of this new approach, which has been fully corroborated / substantiated by further scientific developments such as molecular biology. But of course the less critical lines of thought still continue to flow, one being the retrospective application the theory to society, to become known as Social Darwinism
Some of the ideas that we associate with Darwin (evolution, competition for resources) were already in existence in his time and society was viewed as evolving, or unfolding in a direction of improvement – generally viewed as better Victorian Imperialism. So many were pleased to enlist the science of Darwin’s publication to support and justify their social ideas their ideas. Two examples given below and more on Social Darwinism at xxx or footnote
Social Darwinism What Is Social Darwinism? (slife.org) - Social Darwinism - Connections - Eugenics Archives during the early days of Darwin's thinking around evolution and natural selection there was much though going on about society and its evolution
Alfred Russel Wallace},
and even the full title of Darwin's book "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured
Although “favoured” can be reasoned - as in ᚜ Guns, germs and steele 10 ᚛ click and “Why is it that you white people developed so much cargo, but we black people had little cargo of our own?” - at the time and even now, favoured is often interpreted as superior. Races in the Struggle for Life." highlights prevailing Victorian ideas that Darwin also held - he also had great concerns about how his theory flew in the face of his own religious beliefs.
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The evolution of the steam engine
In 1712 Thomas Newcomen produced the first industrial style steam engine, some 60 years later James Watt introduced many literally add on improvements, one being an external condenser that vastly improved efficiency, he went on to produce a rotary style engine in 1788. All these engines relied on condensing steam to form a vacuum and the power comes from atmospheric pressure of just 15 lb/inch2 or 0.7 Kg/cm2. Modern style steam pressure engines have many advantages, but require precision pistons and cylinders and the inherent danger of boiler explosions. As general engineering technology improved (environment influencing selection criteria) Richard Trevithick demonstrated the first self-propelled railway steam engine in 1804. Ideas grew on previous ones and those that were successful supported further ideas in an evolutionary style, impractical ideas fell by the wayside, but possibly still exist in someone’s note book. An interesting non Darwinian feature was the use of patents by Boltan and Watt to block others ideas in a very non Darwinian style.
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end of example - delete
Short term political policy
the current (August 2022) Conservative Party leadership canpagines are a good example {foot note detail
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Political control
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Suspendisse ultricies condimentum velit vel scelerisque. Nam id libero sit amet libero ultrices interdum dignissim nec lorem. Maecenas placerat massa sit amet augue interdum rutrum. Fusce vel lectus arcu. Quisque quis elit et lorem suscipit faucibus a ut odio. Proin ut ante consectetur dui mattis pulvinar non quis neque. Proin ultrices lectus vel orci lacinia a iaculis nibh hendrerit. Mauris sagittis aliquam odio vitae pulvinar. Suspendisse id dolor nibh, sed consectetur sem. Phasellus lacinia laoreet sem, ac ultrices libero lobortis quis. Morbi accumsan tempus neque, sed varius lectus molestie imperdiet. Vivamus porttitor facilisis nunc, sed feugiat quam adipiscing ac. Quisque dolor tellus, porta in ultrices sit amet, luctus sed nunc. Quisque sodales scelerisque orci sed ullamcorper. Nunc nisl arcu, dignissim sed tempor eget, blandit a massa. Praesent ut metus enim, in dictum felis. Integer sagittis ipsum eu mauris lacinia rhoncus. Mauris turpis ligula, dapibus nec rhoncus bibendum, tristique eu nunc. Duis dapibus blandit justo et auctor. Nunc non elit vel diam luctus ullamcorper. Nulla elementum tristique ultricies. Etiam sit amet felis leo, non imperdiet sapien. Suspendisse venenatis, erat ac mollis sagittis, nulla arcu semper felis, a tempus dolor nibh in est. Nullam.
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Physical Environment
Mitochondria and the Rise of Eukaryotes
Primary endosymbiosis events date to the later Proterozoic with cross-calibrated phylogenetic dating of duplicated ATPase proteins
Mitochondria arose through a fateful endosymbiosis more than 1.45 billion years ago. Many mitochondria make ATP without the help of oxygen.
The origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts
The Great Oxidation Event: How Cyanobacteria Changed Life
Great Oxidation Event
Study pinpoints timing of oxygen’s first appearance in Earth’s atmosphere
Evolution of sexual reproduction
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Human Cultural Evolution Versus Genetic Evolution 1
Human Cultural Evolution Versus Genetic Evolution 2
The above link also gives a good summary of the programmes, such as:
- Have we evolved beyond evolution by natural selection? If we haven't already stopped evolving, we soon will.
- Probably the most important area of human evolution since we split from our last common ancestor with chimpanzees, is in the development of our brains. But there is very little evidence that our brains are still evolving - biologically. Being more intelligent does not mean that you will have more babies and pass your 'brainy' genes to more children.
- it's our ability to change our environment which not only drives out cultural evolution, but has a direct effect on our genes as well.
now is the time
The anti-vaccine movement
topical example - at the time of writing (February 2021) we are in the middle of a pandemic that is killing millions of people, we now have vaccines available, but there is concern that some are reluctance to have it. There are many strange reasons given, but a common one relates to Biblical interpretation of Revelation Chapter 13. To me this chapter is very confusing, there appears to be two creatures involved, one good one bad, those supporting one of them (not sure which) will receive the Mark of the Beast. At verse 16 the writings become clearer and says: no one can buy or sell anything without that mark. I’m no theologian but many sites offer clarification and some dispute the connection theLAB, while others say the mark is invisible and or not made until xxx Is the Mark of the Beast a Chip, a Vaccine or Something Altogether Different? and further The Mark of the Beast, Pandemics, and the “New World Order”—Facts vs Fiction (Dalton Thomas) to which Mike Gee commented "I’m gonna have to pass on the vaccine, I want my DNA intact when I meet my creator." - he's not heard of cancer then. Somehow the Mark of the Beast connects to Covid and the vaccine, thus making some worried that the vaccine will interfere with their spiritual integrity.
The anti vaccine idea raises a conflict in values, Mike’s personal opinions and values (table below 3.1, 3.2) contribute to the intersubjective group’s 2.3 value consensus, which originate from wider social ideas 2.2 or 2.5; however these values are in conflict with the vast majority of society. Value conflicts are a social inevitability, sometimes leading to violence and death (e.g. political and or religious), but at other times we tend to “live and let live”, somewhere in the middle comes a pandemic vaccine roll-out, how do we determine the precedence of intersubjective ideas?
Normally the rest of us may just - live and let live - but if you live in a society, you ow it some responsibility – no man is an island, unless living alone on one. But how do we determine the precedence of intersubjective ideas? There’s the very common “we do everything to save lives” verses your groups religious beliefs, but what happens when countries go to war?
But the interesting thing is: where did the Mark of the Beast / Covid / vaccine idea originate, why do people accept it and why has it a high prevalence – the idea must have appealed to many people; it also reminds me of past conflicts between church and state, where the church marks out its independent influence. Why do ideas spread? is continued in xyx
also
James Ob 8feb21 10:45 Why are BAME / BME not taking up vaccine. One of several objections is idea that vaccine is mark of the devil (and used to discriminate in white society eg cant come in supper market) v appealing to religious leader to support his authority by recommending avoidance - just another intersubjective idea, but why?
what's it appeal to create / perpetuate, t must have one, whats the apeal against it
Or just finger frency social media and push streams
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Different paradigm
The word paradigm has been in use for a very long time to define a pattern or model of something, but in 1962 Kuan introduced the idea of a “paradigm shift” in his The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Here he considered scientific investigation as a paradigm based on a pattern, or model of observation and valid conclusions, which could be applied to the investigation of different topics. However, once within a topic ideas could develop to such a degree that a shift of the paradigm occurs, the reoccurring example here is the investigation of combustion, originally the paradigm centred on phlogiston release, but later shifted to that of oxygen consumption
- TEST: ᚜Paradigms and Barriers - how habits of mind govern scientific beleifs 20 click ᚛ discusses how we can get stuck in a paradigm that forms a barrier to wider thinking ad includes 2 chapters on the Overthrow of Phlogiston.
Similar to Darwin’s ideas on biological evolution being incorporated into Social Darwinism, Kuhn’s idea of paradigm shift were incorporated into Social Sciences, which Kuhn didn’t think appropriate. Kuhn’s idea has been freely used elsewhere, perhaps overused, one instance being to exclude religious ideas from investigation, they are outside the realm of normal physical laws, or within a different paradigm – this is discussed at length in ⪧Philosophy of Religion 12 Lec.30-32?? ⪦ .
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Memes
{all orange to foot note?} Susan Blackmore does an extensive development of the idea of memes in her book The Meme Machine and gives much emphasis to imitation described as: instructions for carrying out behaviour, stored in brains or other objects and passed on by imitation, which includes using: language, reading and instructions and other complex skills and behaviours ᚜ The Meme Machine 16 p43 ᚛ (as in "a unit of cultural transmission, or a unit of imitation") and she also details the difference between imitation, contagion and social learning in a section of the book ᚜ same one? 16 p47 ᚛. However, I think imitation is being overplayed and indeed in the two occasions Dawkins mentions the word "imitation" he also adds "in the broad sense". Certainly in our ancestral days before language, imitating another's actions was the way that ideas transferred (much like modern improvised sign language between two people not sharing a common language), but once language possibly grew out of imitation, language became another mechanism of cultural transmission. But Blackmore does include language in her description of imitation and you can say someone repeating a political slogan is imitating the original sound. I suggest we may perpetuate a dance meme by competent imitation, but a political slogan is perpetuated by repeating it (spoken or written) with little or no thought, or personal value add - imitation in the broad sense.
{orig} Dawkins includes the term “unit of imitation” in his definition above and Susan Blackmore re-iterates this in her book and highlights “memes are passed on by imitation She also described this as instructions for carrying out behaviour, stored in brains or other objects and passed on by imitation, which includes using: language, reading and instructions and other complex skills and behaviours ᚜ The Meme Machine 16 p43᚛ and she also details the difference between imitation, contagion and social learning in a section of ᚜The Meme Machine 16 p47 ᚛ click . However, I think imitation is being overplayed and indeed in the two occasions Dawkins mentions the word "imitation" he also adds “in the broad sense”
I can appreciate acquiring a new skill by watching others and imitating it (something we humans are particularly good at), or being inspired by the sight of toilet paper folded to a triangle to do the same, are both ideas transferred by imitation; and Susan Blackmore also gives the example of “imitating” and perpetuating a version of apple pie via transfer of its recipe (nice genetic connection) but she also extends this to written instruction for any behaviour and hence its imitation She also described this as instructions for carrying out behaviour, stored in brains or other objects and passed on by imitation, which includes using: language, reading and instructions and other complex skills and behaviours ᚜ The Meme Machine 16 p43᚛..
{orig} To emphasise, the official word is imitation and not copying ideas, and Susan Blackmore details the difference between imitation, contagion and social learning in a section of ᚜ The Meme Machine 16 p47 ᚛. I can appreciate acquiring a new skill by watching others and imitating it (something we humans are particularly good at), or being inspired by the sight of toilet paper folded to a triangle, to do the same (a Blackmore favourite) are ideas transferred by imitation; she also gives the example of “imitating” and perpetuating a version of apple pie via transfer of its recipe (nice genetic connection) and extends this to written instruction for any behaviour and hence its imitation She also described this as instructions for carrying out behaviour, stored in brains or other objects and passed on by imitation, which includes using: language, reading and instructions and other complex skills and behaviours ᚜ The Meme Machine 16 p43 ᚛.
What is the definition of behaviour here, is it just cooking or perhaps dance behaviour or does it include social behaviour to support a particular cause or group, from ISIS to the “amused by kitten clips” group? So how about re-Tweeting something, or passing on a kitten clip url, or verbally repeating a political slogan, or “Palace bombshell as Harry & Meghan stripped of royal patronages”? I would suggest the common factor here is that the original meme idea is, one way or another, proliferated to many other brains, but with little or no personal assessment or value add. Ideas always transfer information to other brains, to a degree based on their appeal relative to worldviews, and in a number of different ways, including observed and imitated or mimicked performances, as explained in see xx - memes are just a special case of ideas.
Memes transfer information from brain to brain: by being appealing ideas that get noticed and passed on by imitation Susan Blackmore described this as instructions for carrying out behaviour, stored in brains or other objects and passed on by imitation, which includes using: language, reading and instructions and other complex skills and behaviours ᚜ The Meme Machine 16 p43᚛ , which implies with little or no personal assessment or value add, again all ideas transfer from brain to brain, but memes are a particular case from: 20 ways to wear a scarf, to propaganda. However, the significance of memes is that they effectively hijack our brains to perpetuate themselves, much like a virus uses our cells to perpetuate itself and both avoid our natural defences, be it an immune system or reasoning. Of course neither have any intelligent evil intent, it's just the way things work, but to some the notion that their brains are “infected by a meme virus” doesn’t give the meme idea a very good image and did little to promote the idea.
Genes use our bodies, instincts and behaviours to proliferate themselves, and in so doing maintain suitable bodies, instincts and behaviours to continue their proliferation. The same can be said of memes that use our brains, instincts and behaviours to proliferate themselves. Genes have been doing their job for millions of years, but memes are a resent development from brains that acquired the capability to imitate.
{interesting but irrelevant here} Genes use our bodies, instincts and behaviours to proliferate themselves, however the mechanism is not 100% accurate and genes can differ as they proliferate. These occasional slight variations in an original gene can be very useful in an ever changing competitive environment and the variation can become the norm.
{original}Richard Dawkins introduced the idea of memes in his book The Selfish Gene and describes the term as "a noun that conveys the idea of a unit of cultural transmission, or a unit of imitation" ᚜ The Selfish Gene 11 p192 ᚛ click in much the same way as a gene is a unit of physical transmission; while memes transfer information from brain to brain, genes transfer construction information from body to subsequent body – but of course ideas always transfer information, memes are just a special case. Also key to the book is that the evolution process works at the gene level, not the whole body, group or species level - the gene is being promoted, anthropomorphically selfishly. {from at moment imp-strange}
{alternative - worth incorporating?} The original idea of memes was that they were a force in themselves, like genes, and that they proliferated themselves via our brains and our desire to exchange ideas, much as genes use bodies and behaviours to proliferate themselves. Genes have been doing their job for millions of years, but memes are a resent development from brains that can exchange information in the form of ideas, of which some may be memes.
{do we need a full page / section on meme somewher and just shorter intro here, like all majort topics, and index of where covered - YES see above}
{12jul20 - do we farm memes i.e plant seed ideas that will spread eg take back control, get brexit done, but some are accidetal weeds ?
also need a core location for item definition eg worldview, meme and then used freely everywhere}
So memes are a special case of idea that were important, when considering coevolution with genes, to or brain evolution, but still important to our cultural development (Lamarckian not Darwinian?
25aug18 - The idea of the ♥meme started life in Richard Dawkins' book The Selfish Gene where he proposed the meme as an additional form of replicator to the traditional gene. He defines the meme as a unit of human culture (page x), whereas the gene is a unit of physical biology. The book isn't about the "the gene for selfishness", but argues that the gene (or possibly a set) is the thing that succeeds in the evolutionary competition, not the complete organism and certainly not the species - emotionally we still interpret the meaning as "a gene fighting selfishly for its survival at the expense of other genes". Likewise memes are also 'selfish' and not necessarily to the individual's or societies benefit.
Although memes are analogous to genes and both can be called replicators, the processes involved with each are very different. A replicator is part of the evolutionary process and is some form of information. One summary of evolution is: if you have Variation, Selection and Heredity you must get Evolution - Dennett via Blackmore Consciousness p141. Or alternatively: the replicator is something that is 'selectively replicated' (p161) i.e. the replicator is replicated (copied), but not necessarily 100% accurately hence giving Variation, the variants are Selected against some criteria as being good or bad, and the good ones get passed forward (Inherited), for future copying. {Possible ARIS diag ref / inclusion?}
{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memeplex - "Unlike inherited gene complexes, memeplexes do not have to benefit the individuals expressing them in order to replicate. Rather, because memes and memeplexes replicate virally (i.e., by horizontal transmission), they can be beneficial, inconsequential, or pathogenic to their carriers -- memes and memeplexes do not have to be true or useful to replicate."}
{copied to above}Dawkins therefore proposes that memes have, and still are, driving our culture via a similar evolutionary process to that which built our bodies via genes. Also, coevolution between gene and meme has resulted in a brain style appropriate to meme copying, in the same way that genes evolved organisms of a style capable of copying genes - a chicken is just an egg's way of being copied; a brain is a meme's way of being copied (long live battery farming and the Internet).
Genes are well defined, they are sections of long DNA molecules, but memes are less well defined. Dawkins calls them: units of culture, a unit of cultural transmission, or a unit of imitation (p192??) and clarifies with examples of:
- tunes, ideas, catch-phrases, clothes fashions, ways of making pots or building arches
- an 'idea-meme' is: the entity that is capable of being transmitted from one brain to another e.g. Darwin's core idea about evolution, which has expanded into ideas that would now surprise Darwin.
Memeplex is a term introduced to represent a group of memes, so possibly the last example above, "Darwin's core idea about evolution" is the name of the memeplex representing the vast set of memes spawned by his original idea, including those here.
I'm not quite sure if a meme is anything different from an idea, other than perhaps memes are ideas that live on for a substantial time, whereas many ideas are transitory chit chat, or are quickly forgotten such as "Lacham kills Priya?". This front page TV guide idea may have been important to many Emadale memeplex fans in August 2018, possibly not a long lasting wide spread meme idea, but it probably lurks somewhere on the Internet for ever more. Unlike the side-of-a-bus Brexit-memeplex idea: "We send the EU £350 million a week, lets fund our NHS instead", this one will haunt us for a very long time.
Here I'm trying to define ideas, their propagation and impact. I'm not setting out to support the idea of memes, this may or may not happen. But as we all know these strange things (ideas / memes) are very powerful and have dramatic effects on us and the planet, and all too often we have to ask if we are having and controlling the ideas, or are they manipulating us?
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Attempted proofs for the existence of God
Objective: Dawkins evo bias acceot & keep – early tribes any dissent from the cult stories? When / why did dissent start – due to wv and which of the 2 paradigms
What altar of refuge can a man find for himself when he commits treason against the majesty of reason? - Baruch Spinoza
The book ᚜Philosophy of Religion - OCR for A Level 9 ᚛ click gives a good summary of the traditional arguments made for the existence of God and also addresses other related issues. The chapters, as listed below, provide the origins of each argument and reasoned arguments from past and present authorities on both sides {table?}, and end with a final conclusion that in all casses are none proved. The descriptions of arguments below are my summaries, fuller ones are provided in the book./p>
- Foundation for the Study of Religion
- Ontological - a supposed logical argument i.e. define an object as supremely perfect and it follows that it must therefore exist.
- Cosmological - an argument based on the observation i.e. all objects are caused by an event / process, the universe exists and the first cause event / process was performed by God, who was also the first object.
- Design / teleological – again based on our observation (and understanding pre Darwin) that the world appears to be designed, the designer is God.
- Moral – difficult to pin down, we tend to accept a code of morality, and some argue the code is provided by God and are not eveolved practical social conventions.
- Religious Experience – an argument based on personal observation i.e. a personal event attributed to God and not necessarily subject to natural world norms of evidence.
- The Problem of Evil and Suffering - a problem in logic as it conflicts with the teleological argument (hence dysteleological), there are many conflict workarounds known as Theodicies, e.g. necessary punishment for sin; our view of goodness may be inappropriate to God.
- Challenges of Psychology & Sociology -
- Life after Death -
- Revelation
- Religious Language.
The course ⪧Philosophy of Religion 12 ⪦ also covers the philosophy around these arguments and issues in 36 half-hour lectures, as listed below (the numbers refer back to book list), and it also arrives at the same conclusions that none of the arguments are proven. The other related issues are covered in great detail and drift into reconciling the philosophical conclusions reached with the lecturer's personal beliefs – introducing an unease as to the objectivity of the endeavour.
- Introduction to topics (Lec 1-9) - then balanced philosophical review of:
- 2. Ontological arguments (L10-11),
- 3. Cosmological (L12-13),
- 4. Teleological (L15-16,
- 6. Experience / encounters) L17-18)
- 7. Evil and Suffering & Theodicies (L19-24)
- Evidence is Irrelevant to Faith, Transcendence & Paradigms (L25-31)
- 5. Language Games, Stories and Morality (L32-35)
- Conclusions L36
Although the course highlights that there are many religions in the world, due to time constraints and the focus of the lecturer's knowledge it concentrates on the Ethical Monotheistic God {explain} and specifically: "if such a God exists is it worthy of worship?" and therefore the scope is narrower than the above book. The lecturer reviews the traditional arguments in detail and draws the conclusion that none are proven. However, in number 7, when addressing concerns of God overseeing evil and suffering, he adds that secular arguments based on dysteleological aren’t proven either as they can be rebuffed by Theodicies, but are they proven?
orig bits below re Prof's personal balance
{orig}Although the course highlights that there are many religions in the world, due to time and detailed knowledge the lecturer concentrates on what he calls the ethical monotheistic god {explain} and the specific question of - if such a god exists is it worthy of worship? He reviews the 5 traditional arguments in detail and draws the conclusion that none are proven, but also says that secular arguments of none existance in the area of xx arnt proven either due to rebutle fron Theodisies {one concerns they can’t prove doesn’t exist so theirs not proven either – which / where?} The course raises an additional interesting point, the lecturer declares that he’s an active member of xxx and come from a long family line of active members, but while from a professional philosopher view he concludes that none of the arguments for the existence of a god worthy of worship are proven, nevertheless he actively worship one.
{orig} The course raises an additional interesting point, t(lol) he lecturer declares that he’s an active member of xxx and come from a long family line of active members, but while from a professional philosopher view he concludes that none of the arguments for the existence of a god worthy of worship are proven, nevertheless he actively worship one.
Prof xx doesn’t directly address this anomaly but in later lectures he introduces paradigms and suggests some of us live in a worldview / paradigm where life has purpose and value, while others accept we are here by accident rather than created. If in the first category you require a creator, but is it worthy of worship? He discusses another set of arguments, known as theodicies, that address the question if worthy why is there suffering in the world.
are proven beclares that the existsays it’s not proven and in lecture 35 relies of xx to justify his position – links to my priming / approach table.
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Full transcript of Table Experimet
{and earlier for context}
1:34 Keith had a dream and he only one who knows
1:35:58 [chair] Keith, reductionism is it of any value?
KW It's a value methodically, by that I mean it's helpful to break a thing into its parts to find out how it's made, so in some Natural Sciences it's very very important to reductionism. You want to first of all break the thing up into its parts, and then analyse them. But even in the hard sciences, I think Allister knows better about biology, it doesn't give a whole story, because sometimes you need to see things as a whole. Human cells in a body, perhaps you need to know how they were by looking at the whole body and how they coordinate. So reducing things, to just things in the cell, is not going to give you the answer of how how an organism works. So a reductive explanation is not even very convincing in the biological sciences, from not even the chemistry. So so it's useful for some purposes to reduce things to their component parts, wherever they are: atoms electrons quarks whatever, but even in the sciences reduction is not going to cope with the questions about the ecosphere for example; ecology questions how things relate to each other.
[chair] Well it is in one sense this conversation is example, you could break it down, analyse it in terms of: verbal communication and the auditory signals and messages and light and all the rest of it, actually there's a conversation going on, is a bigger picture.
1:37:33 LB I think one of the great confusions, and I see it and Dawkins and elsewhere, is they, there are different levels of explanation which relates to this topic and very often the argument goes like this. Science has discovered a mechanism that does X Y and Z, therefore there’s no God, that's putting it very crudely, and what they're doing is confusing mechanism with agency. If I raise my hand, I can give an explanation at a mechanistic level in terms of neurons and muscles and all this kind of thing, but I could equally well give an agent explanation in terms of, I raise my hand to make a point. In other words agency and mechanism are not in competition with one another they're different levels of explanation, and I think that the failure to see that is endemic in the new atheist camp.
[chair] So mechanism is actually looking at a process, describing a breaking down, reducing it to a process, and an agency is saying, well, what was the purpose.
LB yeah, let me give you an example of that. I never forget having this discussion but I've had it many times since, where I was sitting at dinner at Oxford and I was introduced to a very eminent microbiologist, and when he discovered I was a mathematician he said: how utterly boring, and he meant it, so I tried to defend myself and said: well actually I'm interested in the bigger questions of life, he said: like what, I said: well, what is ultimate reality. [he said] That sounds far worse than I thought, listen I'm an atheist I'm a reductionist and we're going to have a miserable evening, and he meant it. So I said: are you really, you're a reductionist, everything is explainable in terms of physics and chemistry, because I'm a methodological reductionist, as Keith has said. Yes he said, that's what I believed. So I said: let's do an experiment then. He said: an experiment here at dinner, I said: yes fine, let's have a look at this menu.
1:39:19 --- So I picked up the menu, and he said: it’s roast chicken, what's the problem. I said: that's the problem, I said: you believe that everything can be explained in terms of physics and chemistry, he said: that's right. OK I said, explain to me the semiotics of these letters R O A S T chicken, that is the way they carry meaning in terms of the physics and chemistry of the paper and ink?
There's sort of dead silence and his wife rather too loudly nudged him and said get out of that if you can, but he didn't try he said something astonishing.
He said you know John for 40 years I've gone into my laboratory in Oxford thinking that this could be done, but it quite obviously can't, you've got to have an agent to explain the meaning of that writing. So I rather cheekily said, you mean an agent of the gaps, and he said: no no no the very nature of the writing demands an agency, and then it dawned on him that I wasn't bright enough to have thought of that argument. He said where did you get that argument, I said I confess I got it from a Nobel Prize winner Roger Sperry, the psychiatrist that got psychiatrists to take consciousness seriously. And I think that's a very good example, you cannot reduce the meaning property of writing to raw physics and chemistry.
[chair] In our discussion philosophy science religion I want to take what you've just said, maybe it can help us with this Keith, how I we apply that to questions of God’s existence, is this the agent.
Kw - Well I’d suppose if you believe in God I would say you are believing that the ultimate cause of the universe and the ultimate reality behind the universe is an agent [Chair] and therefore it cannot be explained merely in mechanical no it's in terms of cause generally speaking is something that operates in accordance with the general law so same cause same effect yeah but God whoever believes in God doesn't think God's like that there's some law
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start of example - delete
Turing's Approach
{possibly footnote} Turing's concept of computing was independant of technology, such that the very first computers were electro-mechanical devices, later versions used values, then came transistors and then further improvements in size and speed as these transistors were packed in ever increasing density in intergrated circuits, and now we're moving towards quantum operation - see quantum computing with cmos transistors. Our brain version happens to be electro chemical in the form of nuron cells and neuro-transmitter chemicals; the nurons interconect in varts networks and the inter-conections are influenced by chemicals. {rowan v dick was here}
Although early computers were grand calculating machines Turing's computer principles have enabled them, together with the advances in implementation technology, to achieve things way beyond just calculation. This computing power is so common place now that we are only aware of it when it doesn't work, either on an industrial level with BA's catastrophe, or personal level - I don't know about you, but I often ask mine, while waiting in frustration, "what the ** are you doing now" - Microsoft do have a lot to answer for. And once we look beyond our every day experience of computing it's truly amazing what can happen with the simple idea of a sequence of instruction that can in turn, influence the subsequent running of the instructions, and all this implemented on building blocks having just 1 of 2 states.
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Bodies and body language
unconscience eg other race via lec? -
Understanding the Mysteries of Human BehaviorWhy - Are Prejudice and Con? ict So Common? - Lecture 20
-restart of section- Ideas may also be encoded in objects and transfered whether intended or not, by both the originator and / or the recipient.
A study (Eagleman prog 3 - also warm coffe cup, sanitiser, Und Hum Behav parol better after lunch) was conducted in where men where shown photographs of women's faces and asked to rate thier attrcativeness. Unbeknown to the men some womens eyes were dilated and others were normal, it was concusivle found that the momentary viewing of the faces resulted in the dilated eyed women were thought to be more attaractive. When asked the men were not aware of their selection criteria, it resulted from a subcomsiece / emeotional descisio. The ideas that are conveyed by objects not only applies to body language and instints about reproduction, does it occure else where - racial prejudice, do other objects (the eye pictures are just objects too) unconsciously affect us.
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Type 1 Idea Context
COPIED FROM IDEA BELOW TYPE TABLE
~ ~ ~ ~ orig under explanation table and before type table - too detail spoils floww add as Foot not ?~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
To put into context, I can look out of the window figuratively - could also hear or smell an idea e.g. the ideas and memories associated with Saturday morning at the Butts Centre Reading with teenagers letting of stink bombs at Type 1 things and differentiate idea objects, such as cars, bird feeders, houses from natural ones such as birds, trees, clouds. All objects trigger ideas, natural objects will make associations with personal memories and ideas, while idea objects will have further meaning, we may note the car model, or its registration and possibly detect a word or abbreviation, we will appreciate the design of the bird feeder and its squirrel proofing, and the houses may include an appreciation or not, of yet more building work. Natural objects are taken at face value with their triggers, but idea objects must be read, viewed or listen in some symbolic form and imagined mentally. But whatever the trigger, natural or idea, I can be inspired to originate my own ideas, which may lead to physical creations or written ones such as this. Finally, there are very few view where there is no sign of our ideas, and if you do find one, you are probably inspired to think that the scene is untouched by human hand, but with a little more thought – where have all the trees gone, most of England was once covered by forests, but cleared for farming and later ship building – you just can’t get away from our ideas. {foot note to a Walk with Ideas}
All our Type 2 Social ideas lead to creations that are realised in books, rituals, commandments, behaviours etc., and some may develop to Type 1 physical world ideas resulting in tangible practical objects - steam engines, bridges, phones. Or the world inspires ideas leading to artistic, religious
These supernatural ideas are posited from our long-term explanations about our existence and the universe. Many ideas are attributed to a thinking, conscious agent other than ourselves (4.1), another common theme is our concern about our existence for a mere 70 or more years - that can't be all there is to me (4.2). This supernatural world is said to exists and connects to us (4.3), but its existence and connection is also outside the detection or verification of normal physical world methods, but much effort has been made to prove its existence via philosophical means. AND These are propossed due to fascination with ideas that appear to be created by a thinking, conscious agent other than ourselves. A common theme is our concern about our existance for a mere 70, or pehaps 100 years, if we're lucky.
Theses ideas often lead to positing a suppernatural world(s) that connect to us by means outside the detection of scientific methods.
We can all see, hear, touch, smell ideas in the physical world 1) and have ideas about them (2,3) but contact with suppernatural world ideas is less common, but we still have lots of ideas about them.
Making proposal to satisfy a theory is common (strange planetry orbits have been atrributed to the existabce of an unkbow planet, the theory being later confirmed by the discovery of such a planet), but the substanciation does need to happen, political etc activities. These may expand and be included into Type 2.4 Social ideas e.g. sights of poverty leading to political ideas and better physical housing, or Turner paintings and poems by Wordsworth or Wilfred Owen.
However, Type 4 supernatural world are different and possibly always remain as Social and Personal ideas, inspired by ideas of a supernatural world but always remain as ideas. We may realise them as tangible objects symbolising the ideas (sacred scripts, churches, crucifixes, music) and good tangible behaviours - although not always. And these tangible Type 1 objects inspire our thoughts when seen, but few of us have seen the actual deity, or place, although many claim to have a subjective relationship with a deity, but with no evidence of tangibility – until possibly when we die and then it’s too late.
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ end of foot note? ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Summary: may be
At the top of the table are the ideasthat we realise and place in the world as tangible things, e.g. we publish books, build bridges, we speak conversations. . . . All ideas are on a spectrum of certainty and this table tries to provide some order of idea veracity level . . . links to quantum physics, his pseudoscientific / extrapolated arguments - Axiology
Summary: Ideas in categary 2 and 3 are the mass of ideas living in our brains, but those that we see, hear, feel, smell around us all day are those in categary 1. And it's the category 1 ideas that get us up in the morning (literally and metaphorically), it is they that trigger and interst our resident brain based ideas of type 2 and 3. Some people may also include thoughts triggered by category 4 ideas as being important in their daily lives, but such thoughts are generally triggered by symbols detected in the physical world (1), not many get a direct wake-up call from God as a type 4 idea.
But to appreciate these triggers we generally need background information: at the minimum a language, a bit of maths is useful, social conventions are important and so too possibly social symbols. We also apply our personal worldview (see below) to assess the importance of a trigger and how it should subsequently be processed. As our lives progress these processed triggers amass as our personal knowledge library (and together with attitudes and values form out worldview), which is constantly being reviewed as we self reflect on existing and new items; this also establishes our desire to seek out similar information.
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Further examples of idea
AAAAAAAA{possibly as foot note? - too many different diversions}
A speculative example of an original practical idea is the inspired idea, which someone once had, but of course not necessarily the only someone, of somehow (easier said than done) fixing a stone to a piece of wood to form a useful club. The idea may then be taught to others and passed from parent to child, or the original performance might have been observed and the idea become self-taught. Either way the club idea appeals to many people and thereby proliferates. But as the idea passes through many different brains it can acquire added value enhancements. And bit-by-bit the club becomes an axe or a knife, but other enabling ideas such as flint slices need to exist too, which can then combine with the latest club-handle technology idea.
Another pressing need, after clubbing animals and each other, is communicating and by the same bit-by-bit process gestures and sounds can be combined into language and finallly represented by suitably produced visual symbols, in addition to the audio and gesture symbols already established. Again the communicating idea appeals to many people and thereby proliferates, with a lot of teaching, and takes many many generations. Interestingly, no matter which of the thousands of developed languages you are speaking, the axe that you may use looks much the same, just as a mobile phone speaks any language? - but there's only one way to open an egg (the little end of course) however, you can debate this in many different languages.
In general the realised idea may be the construction of practical objects To create these practical objects generally requires other practical objects, such as a saw to cut ice blocks to build the igloo - how was the saw created. We have created a vast expanding set of practical objects, which form tools to help create further practical objects, which form tools etc. etc. - from bronze age objects to Joseph Whitworth’s 1833 Manchester tool-maker services to modern cranes and diggers. Some other species use tools to get food etc. but we are possibly the only ones to make tools to make tools to make . . . . from clay pots, food, saws, cranes, cars / factories etc.; or may be a teaching performance of how to build an igloo A practical event featuring a performance of actions that may also include symbolic cultural ideas in at least some spoken instruction. From the original tentative idea of building shelter with development and experiment the way to build a good igloo probably took many generations of improvement - the idea evolved as it propagated between people and generations or other performances from shoe lace tying to Sichuanese opera. But just as a car needs many nested ideas of tools to enable its construction, communication ideas in a Sichuanese opera also need many additional ideas to make sense of it from language to cultural visual symbology. A language needs many ideas taught to decode the symbols on the book’s pages, then the syntax, grammar, vocabulary etc, and to fully appreciate the message of a painting, or performance, may require knowledge of cultural symbolic ideas.
{thought 9mar re Morcam original glasses and knowing they are the ones you can see on TV } – likewise original painting is the hand driven realisation of the original artist on the original canvas – a copy may look the same but is not the first realisation of the artist’s idea e.g. Philosophers Arms xx
Hi from orange - good so far, anything from below to add?
Once long ago when communication ideas started to be realised and shared, new ideas could then be recorded for future generations, originally by verbal or practical teaching, then via writing and symbolic ideas – all happening bit by bit over thousands of generations of our ancestors. But like genii, once out of the brain bottle, many ideas have a life of their own and have unforeseen consequences and repercussions, some good and some bad.
{original - And once communication ideas are established the communicated ideas themselves can also be recorded for future generations, originally by verbal teaching then via writing symbol ideas – all happening bit by bit over thousands of generations of our ancestors}.
{is this - trans affect?? just a historic attribute not entity, entity is social event that has noted good or bad impact, how does this fit with Idea Type?}
,
‘most fads are short and transient (by definition), but while Nazi ideas have come and largely gone, they have long term impacts (transient affects) - now 8jul21 coverd by durability’
{but social events (now planned events) are including examples of this & behaviours: wars, dances, concerts, rituals, which is it? Isnt the DHW a social event, but not a gathering - comms event and social event with impact}. From above - Once realised ideas often cause a chain of further ideas and form a third category of: unintended consequential events and subsequent ideas - but not part of this diagram. Are they not part of cult ideas lib - historical events with impact
{ possibly move elswhere - The boundaries between characteristics merge and we also create physical communication events that feature direct body movements, tools and symbolism such as operas, football matches where for good and bad spectators form an integral part of the event and even political rallies.
Ideas also have a shelf life, once-upon-a-time steam engines were the best thing since sliced bread (but not realised at the time) although now just of historic interest, fashion ideas come and go, likewise ideas on slavery and same sex marriage change over time. But some ideas live on unchanged for a long time such as democracy and religions, as do the repercussions of others like Nazi ideas realised via mass rallies in the 1930s, which led to the Holocaust and live on to this day with continuing unrest within Israel, and physical epigenetic problems still exist following the Dutch Hunger Winter It was a famine that took place in the German-occupied Netherlands during the winter of 1944–45. A German blockade cut off food and fuel shipments from farm towns. This was a rare case of a famine in a modern, developed, and literate country, it is well documented and enabled many studies of famine on human health. The Dutch Famine Birth Cohort Study found that the children of pregnant women exposed to famine were more susceptible to diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, microalbuminuria and other health problems. Others studies suggest ongoing inherited affects. of 1944–45. And closer to home David Cameron’s idea to hold a UK in-out of the EU referendum in 2016 will live with us for a long time. }
{early thoughts, have they ben included now? and 'A record of my idea shuffle and conclusion' – we realise ideas as prac objects, coms symbols or direct body movement comms performance events, or object promotion events. Direct body movement can incude unintended comms via body language, Freudian slips and pheramons. Comms symbols represent the idea behind it and the ideas themselves have several features such as veracity and durability, impact, transience - that may lead to many unintended consequential events and subsequent ideas.. Comms symbols need encoding and decoding but transfer warm idea brain to brain.Prac obj may also (in addition to symbols) re-establish original warm ideas via reverse engineering.}
zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzwhere s this going - link to aris model and idea types .... direct body sign and sound comms or body plus tools & material practical and comms writing paint (both) – taught support ideas – shelf life and repercussions
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Example of self-assembly mechanism - 3D print
OBS NEED SORTING - ASLO REF FROM NATURE-BRAIN
From Imp strange 17sep23 i.e. {move the explanation of gene / cell / factory / 3d printer etc to different section - Mechanisums??? - BUT 26MAY25 NOW PUT IN FOOTNOTE AS BRAIN NATURE ALSO REFER TO 3D PRINT - MAKE COMMON ITDM
{move the explanation of gene / cell / factory / 3d printer etc to different section - Mechanisums???
Car production is obviously done in a factory and is not a strange idea, but it is now possible to print objects using a 3D printer, but although it’s possible to print moving parts (using support material that is later dissolved), we're a very long way from printing a car – but 3D printing is a useful idea to describe a very strange way to copy things.
To stretch things further let’s imagine that the 3D printer can print another 3D printer, printers are complex but the really clever bit is the instructions that run them. To continue the fantasy the printer is also printing a machine in which to house the printed printer along with a copy of the instruction that created this new print hub. And a final essential twist of the throwaway society, all print hubs have to stop working after a few years, but are fortunately also bio degradable otherwise the world would be knee-deep in ever aging print hubs. Does this sound familiar, it should because it’s an extremely crude explanation of how you and I got here, but there’s more yet.
Now there's no master set of instructions, every organism factory is working on a copy, of possible a copy, of a copy, of a copy, etc. Inevitably copy mistakes will happen, and in our world of quality controlled mass production we would not be impressed with such a production method. But this organic scheme has several advantages, the micro factories are small enough to move and therefore be established in new locations, there's a steady stream of brand new factories (the grand mega factory won't last forever), and the copy errors could even help introduce new features that may be especially useful in new locations (e.g. paler skin).
However, all those from the same micro factory will be from a particular copy set and hence be the same. The copy errors above give some possibility of occasional change but no variety {what's the differeance}; to maintain a reasonably stable style of organism change can't occur too frequently. Another mechanism to achieve a frequent, but limited variety, is to fragment the instruction copy and then combine - sexual printing. Instead of the micro factory producing identical new prints it produces 2 types say A and B. Both types are from the same instruction copy and hence identical except for a major added change, only half have the included printer say A-s, and both A-s and B-s have only half of the instructions. The halving is not simply the first half plus a second half, but is a complete set of say type x and another of type y. These 2 types are combined, via a set of rules that determines which bits of each half are included, into a workable complete instruction set. B's must now co-operate with A's to create a complete instruction set, this results in a regular variety of organism, but within a limited range difference (e.g. height), and also introduces a host of options around which B's and A's co-operate.
The keys to the above scheme are:
- the serial production method
- gene instructions passed forward through each generation of the serial production
- the natual removal of genes from the pool by death of gene holders
But without an occasional copy error in the gene instruction set baton nothing would change, some changes are detrimental, best avoided and die out, while others are advantageous and proliferate. Genres are known as replicators that are replicated by a fallible system that introduces changes, these changes can be useful in a changing and competitive environment and are hence selected and proliferate - this is the principle of evolution. Dawkins is proposing a new replicator in the form om meme that operates within the human social environment, rather than the physical reproduction one. How does it compare with the gene mech ??
Meme and 3D printing
the selfish meme, accumilating pool of memes see ARIS mdl 'Evo gene enviro' various models Note ARIS template on Laptop not right, and no proc of generated html, just copied from C: ARIS to dropbox web pub 2
The keys to the above scheme are:
- the serial production method - no can mass produce newspapers, Facebook streaming
- gene instructions passed forward through each generation of the serial production - genes specific mech to produce organ but many influence by enviro
- gene copy 99% reliable (error correction too, some ideas executed correctly (resapies, music - but with feeling) others totally miss interpreted, can never be as in original brain, no direct xfr mech.
- the natual removal of genes from the pool by death of gene holders - some Nethadatal remnats but cant mate now, ideas deliberatly presered for modern use
{original}Ideas, like genes, also form part of the idea copying machine itself and may have a vested interest in being copied, but unlike genes they are not part of the copy machine’s construction. There are two types of copying going on here:
- idea copying equates for example to the features of a particular model of car: its styling, performance, reliability etc.; it should be a concept or idea that appeals to many brains, which then gets widely copied, initially by marketing but also from customer to customer, assuming it lives up to its appealing image.
- construction copying, which influences the copying machine itself, equates to the technology behind the appealing car concept. The car copying machine started with Henry Ford's mass production technics of Model T in 1908 and many innovation and improvements to the machine have evolved since. But some “improvements” fell by the wayside e.g. fiberglass bodies as they are flammable, as did the “any colour as long as its black” feature, good for production but not for the concept. Construction copying i.e. the instructions and the mechanisms to realise them, enables the production of many consistent objects. In this case the instructions are to deliver a car concept, but with a slight twist it applies to us and all organic reproduction.
We are familiar with the idea of a car factory of “instructions and mechanisms” that delivers millions cars and we can equate this factory to organic cells that delivers just one cells, but if a cell divides to produce one more of itself say every second it competes well with a car factory. However there’s a subtle but massive difference, whereas the car instructions are planned and applied to the factory mechanisms, in the organic case they are held in each mini factory cell and subsequent copies of it. Obviously a single cell isn’t very impressive, but part of the instructions is how to connect up with neighbouring cells to build a heart, leg, or brain.
Again we are familiar with designing and producing car plans and enhancing those plans as production copying becomes more sophisticated and customer expectations change – a designed evolution of the car. But the production of more sophisticated cell based objects under the expectations of the environment does not come naturally to us – we need an agent like us who plans things. {need to add how it helps, ideas appeal and spread, what happens here – or have I}
{now explain how they relate and add note re analogy – or have I}As all analogise this has its failings, we are ingrained in the idea of intelligent design, we are in control of the car’s evolution and make the survival selections, but organic evolution is a self-running process with no design team overseeing selection. Organic selection is made on simple work or die premise.
{orig}Ideas are copied by our brains and genes by our sexual reproduction mechanism, but which get copied. Genes by appropriateness to current physical environment, ideas by their appropriateness and appeal (we chose ideas, we don’t chose genes, other than mate selection if lucky) within current cultural environment). We may not alter zygote genes (yet) but we do alter / engineer ideas. Some ideas are as is and may appeal to say scientific our mathematical groups and be widely copied / re-iterated but within closed area. Other ideas may be fashionable / socially trending and have wide appeal so are widely re-iterated, while other are deliberate engineered to be appealing (political propaganda) and very widely re-iterated – which are memes?
Add professions to ARIS TH 2 groups list
Meme v Gene {cut from Cultural environment for consolidation - need an intro back in Cult envo}
Genes exist due to enzymes in cells - and vice versa (diff cell proliferation via division v gene reading and protein production???). Provide info to build features (components of cells, neuro-transmitters, hormones etc.??),
- if useful gene version proliferates, genes alter slowly (unless we alter them for a purpose), selected wrt current environment over long time.
- types: (gene for ..) types work together to produce body parts (brain) and body control mechanisms (hormones etc), also life behaviours (initial brain set-up) – memes/ideas then take over.
- Been around since beginning of life, numbers expand with life type instances, but actual varieties limited (gene pool finite).
Memes/ideas exits due to thinking - and vice versa. Provide info for thinking then sharing,
- if appealing ♥meme / idea proliferate, ideas alter fast, we always alter them (idea is always our interpretation of original as it’s in different brain environment) and often for our own purpose / value add (spin, enhancement etc. ) –
- types: Traditional - around for long time e.g. spiritual explanations, social justice, religions); Fashion - short lived crazes; Developing - progressive liberalisation, or change in fashion? e.g. homosexuality; Political - manipulation of society for good or bad .
- Been around since beginning of brains, as brains more sophisticated number AND variety vast (idea pool ‘infinite’).
bit from Ideas
{below to Scocialising ??
Blackmore p162 intro Memeplex as group of memes, and Selfplex as those memes tagged with "I beleive , think" - elsewhere gives examples of recepies etc
meme is an idea that can be imitated exactly or deliberatly / accidently with error ???
which ideas are memes / unit of culture and which not - by definition those that get copied ???
lots examples of memes / units of culture (e.g. xxx), but how do they differ from ideas ???
{18aug18 - A recap on genes - they are the things that have enabled the existence of you and me, and with a body capable of many things, including production of such things that allow you to be reading this now. Genes are very long molecules that interact with another style of molecule (enzyme) to produce yet more molecules (proteins) in a form that is specified by the gene molecule - a sort of 3D printing i.e. instructions, a "printer" and a product.
Genes and 3D printing
Imagine a factory "printing" millions of organisms based on gene instructions. Assuming the printer is reliable, all organisms would be the same e.g. blue eyes, tall, etc., however you could change the appropriate gene to create a batch of brown eyes if require. But there's a twist to organic "printing", all newly printed organisms are equiped with a printer of their own. So now instead of a single mass production factory, we have to imagine distributed micro factories each producing just a few organisms. But their own printer also needs instructions, so they also get a copy of the gene instructions.
Now there's no master set of instructions, every organism factory is working on a copy, of possible a copy, of a copy, of a copy, etc. Inevitably copy mistakes will happen, and in our world of quality controlled mass production we would not be impressed with such a production method. But this organic scheme has several advantages, the micro factories are small enough to move and therefore be established in new locations, there's a steady stream of brand new factories (the grand mega factory won't last forever), and the copy errors could even help introduce new features that may be especially useful in new locations (e.g. paler skin).
However, all those from the same micro factory will be from a particular copy set and hence be the same. The copy errors above give some possibility of occasional change but no variety {what's the differeance}; to maintain a reasonably stable style of organism change can't occur too frequently. Another mechanism to achieve a frequent, but limited variety, is to fragment the instruction copy and then combine - sexual printing. Instead of the micro factory producing identical new prints it produces 2 types say A and B. Both types are from the same instruction copy and hence identical except for a major added change, only half have the included printer say A-s, and both A-s and B-s have only half of the instructions. The halving is not simply the first half plus a second half, but is a complete set of say type x and another of type y. These 2 types are combined, via a set of rules that determines which bits of each half are included, into a workable complete instruction set. B's must now co-operate with A's to create a complete instruction set, this results in a regular variety of organism, but within a limited range difference (e.g. height), and also introduces a host of options around which B's and A's co-operate.
The keys to the above scheme are:
- the serial production method
- gene instructions passed forward through each generation of the serial production
- the natual removal of genes from the pool by death of gene holders
But without an occasional copy error in the gene instruction set baton nothing would change, some changes are detrimental, best avoided and die out, while others are advantageous and proliferate. Genres are known as replicators that are replicated by a fallible system that introduces changes, these changes can be useful in a changing and competitive environment and are hence selected and proliferate - this is the principle of evolution. Dawkins is proposing a new replicator in the form om meme that operates within the human social environment, rather than the physical reproduction one. How does it compare with the gene mech ??
Meme and 3D printing
the selfish meme, accumilating pool of memes see ARIS mdl 'Evo gene enviro' various models Note ARIS template on Laptop not right, and no proc of generated html, just copied from C: ARIS to dropbox web pub 2
The keys to the above scheme are:
- the serial production method - no can mass produce newspapers, Facebook streaming
- gene instructions passed forward through each generation of the serial production - genes specific mech to produce organ but many influence by enviro
- gene copy 99% reliable (error correction too, some ideas executed correctly (resapies, music - but with feeling) others totally miss interpreted, can never be as in original brain, no direct xfr mech.
- the natual removal of genes from the pool by death of gene holders - some Nethadatal remnats but cant mate now, ideas deliberatly presered for modern use
y / organisum factoriesbecause they recieve a copy of instructions to use there's a small chance that there's an error are a copy em. yieswe have distributed y the thousand But unless the genes change over time time dependant on the prevailing environment and this change has been achieved by many methods.
The most prolific method is by sexual reproduction, a method that naturally includes selection of participants fit for purpose in prevailing environment.
How does this relate to meme idea .......
a host of abilitiesthe abilitthe similar to new type had a very bad marketing campaign, resulting in the likes of Ali Mc, not unreasonably, complaining that he was believed to have some form of brain virus. Also there's a complex association and comparison to genes to explain, resulting in some saying: "you can see genes (e.g. there's a bottle of DNA molecules in the London National History museum), but you can't see memes, so how can they exist.
My proposal is to forget memes for now and just think about ideas for now and see where that takes us. Ideas are the product of our brains and we usually express them (or realise them in the real world, so you could regard them as "brain excrement", after all many ideas are regularly output and often of little value (chit-chat). Also our brains are hungry for ideas and we readily pick up others expressed ideas (time to drop the brain excrement analogy) - we are constantly exchanging ideas.
The nature of ideas is discussed here and the impact on us all / society is discussed in xxx
link from How have we become such a dramatic influence upon the world and each other? or to info-drv.html where says at
"The diagram attempts to show how our ideas became a driving influence on change, in much the same way that genes are a driving influence. The term meme probably comes to some minds, but I prefer to use the word idea as defined in Idea - glossary and covered in detail in idea title in an effort to re-visit Dawkin's ideas from a different perspective."
detail on meme here (should now be Socialising)
This section here is just intro v idea - do we need to repeat Dawkins side bar from there (yes done at end now and NOT adjactent) , or link back
also v usful meme info in 2 meme etc that should be incorporated in mst discussion article i.e. Socialising
info in power point now added (18aug18) in Socialising
{originally in Darkins side bar in Socialising before Suzy bit} To me {18aug18 do we care at this point - just say I've tried to sidestep some of the controvasy now associated with meme (religious people have brain viruses) and relate to ideas in general, see idea for def of idea, and socialising re idea / meme repurcusions} these examples are all the result of ideas that have been realised IN THE PYSICAL WORLD by MUSCLE actions.
The composer had the idea of the original tune that was actioned via, say a keyboard and then re-ideaed and developed.
The tune may then exist in several forms, dependant on consensus of appeal: written, audio recording, in brain memories or as sound waves i.e. executied at: concerts, festivals, ceromonies, broadcast studios or even personaly.
The tune idea is now available to a number of brains dependant on the consensus of appeal. In a positive or negative feedback mechanisum, it spreads or stagnates.
All examples follow the same principle - the idea is reasilesed in the physical world for others to perpetuate or ignore.
If all the examples are the result of ideas is the example 'idea' now redundant? see {xx} for further discussion including insipation by ideas leading to fragmentation of off-spring ideas and subsequent realisation and yet more inpiration.
END OF BIT
{END OF BITmove the explanation of gene / cell / factory / 3d printer etc to different section
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ChatGPT's true information heck list
? Truth & Reliability Checklist
1. Source Credibility
Is the source well-known and reputable?
Can you identify the author or organization behind the content?
Does the source have a history of accuracy?
2. Evidence & Support
Are claims backed by data, documents, or named experts?
Are sources cited or easily traceable?
Is this original reporting or a repost from somewhere else?
3. Cross-Checking
Can you find the same facts reported by other trustworthy sources?
Does the story omit key context or counterpoints?
Are different types of sources (e.g. government, academic, journalistic) aligned?
4. Bias & Motivation
Is the language neutral, or emotionally charged?
Is the goal to inform, persuade, outrage, or sell?
Is the information one-sided or balanced?
5. Timeliness
Is the information recent and still relevant?
If older, has the situation changed or been updated?
6. Logic & Consistency
Does the claim make logical sense?
Are there any leaps in reasoning or wild assumptions?
Is the claim falsifiable (i.e., could you prove it wrong if it were)?
7. Digital Hygiene
Does the website look professional and functional?
Are there signs of clickbait, popups, or sensationalism?
Can you verify the URL is legitimate (e.g. not a spoofed domain)?
?? Red Flags for Misinformation
Anonymous sources with no credentials
No citations or only circular references
Claims of a massive hidden truth with no strong evidence
Emotional headlines or ALL CAPS text
Phrases like “they don’t want you to know…” or “wake up!”
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Memory structures and functions
the original and to go
Several key brain areas (volumes) are involved in memory, including the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, cerebellum, and amygdala. The hippocampus is a curved (e.g. seahorse) brain structure in the temporal lobes playing a crucial role in learning, forming new memories, and spatial navigation. It is a key part of the brain's limbic system, which also regulates emotions and behaviors like feeding and reproduction. Damage to the hippocampus can lead to memory loss (amnesia), as seen in Alzheimer's disease, and it is vulnerable to various neurological and psychiatric conditions - AI Overview (within the temporal lobes) is particularly crucial for forming new memories, especially explicit (declarative) memories like facts and events (semantic & episodic). The prefrontal cortex is a critical part of the frontal lobe responsible for executive functions like planning, decision-making, problem-solving, and self-control. It acts as the brain's "personality center," processing input, comparing it to past experiences, and generating purposeful, goal-directed behaviors. The PFC is one of the last brain regions to mature, making it susceptible to environmental factors and trauma, and its dysfunction is linked to conditions like ADHD, depression, and schizophrenia - AI Overview (front part of the frontal lobe) plays a role in working memory and retrieving past memories. The cerebellum is involved in procedural memory and motor skills. The amygdala is associated with emotional memory and fear responses - see below and following Human Memory diagram. REF & SOME CONECTION TO DIAGRAM (COULD HIGHLIGHT) - COULD BE BETTER
- Hippocampus: This structure within the temporal lobe is essential for forming new declarative memories, which are conscious memories of facts and events. It's also involved in spatial memory and navigation AI overview?.
The hippocampus has an essential role in the formation of explicit memory, also known as declarative memory. Episodic memory, and semantic memory are the two components of explicit memory. [69] The hippocampus also encodes emotional context from the amygdala. This is partly why returning to a location where an emotional event occurred may evoke that emotion. There is a deep emotional connection between episodic memories and places. - Prefrontal Cortex: This area in the frontal lobe plays a role in working memory, where information is held temporarily for manipulation. It's also involved in retrieving past memories and making decisions based on them.
The Prefrontal Cortex is involved in a wide range of higher-order cognitive functions, including speech formation, gaze, working memory (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex), and risk processing. The basic activity of this brain region is considered to be orchestration of thoughts and actions in accordance with internal goals. Many authors have indicated an integral link between a person's will to live, personality, and the functions of the prefrontal cortex. - Cerebellum: This structure in the brainstem is primarily involved in procedural memory, which is the memory of how to do things, like riding a bike or playing an instrument. It also plays a role in motor learning and coordination.
- Amygdala: This almond-shaped structure is part of the limbic system and is involved in emotional memory, particularly fear and other emotional responses. It helps us associate emotions with events, making them more memorable.
- Other Brain Regions: Other areas like the thalamus, hypothalamus, and sensory areas also contribute to memory formation and recall.
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Detail of idea realisation
uneccessary detail here (Idea) try in Location - too detail for Location so here
The following model shows the results of the various processes involved in the above description and excludes the processes themselves - it's what's done rather than how's it done:
An idea forms in an individual brain, realised as a practical object or communication, or both. All ideas end up as objects, but some are symbols that represent and enable re-establishment of the original communication idea. {how about the other diagrams with icons?}- description of items
- An ever changing individual has, with the help of their idea library and the 'culture ideas library', come to a concluding idea that they want to share
- We realise ideas via our bodies, generally by muscles either directly or with the aid of tools and materials, but also in a small way via skin glans and chemicals / pheromones. There’s a degree of 'intention' and sometimes realisation is not totally as consciously intended e.g. Freudian slips, body language and possibly pheromones.
- The realised ideas fall into two basic categories: practical objects / 'idea practical' or communications 'idea symbolic', which are normally represented by symbols that need to be decoded and understood.
- Practical objects / ideas include 'construction' items such as: ✧ pots, steam engines, cranes, vaccines etc. that are of practical use Although not necessarily symbolic of an idea, other than say a cars’ marketed image, many objects can be mentally or actually reverse engineered to reveal the originators ideas e.g a steam engine’s regulator mechanism. ✧ and books of symbols, traffic lights, billboards etc. that show symbols representing communication ideas; ✧ and 'planned events The whole of human live relates to events and ideas. Some events may be planned as here, but others are unintended consequential events e.g. the catastrophic partition of India following 200 years of British strategic divide and rule. Others are natural events such as storms and droughts – including a bit of unintended consequential from us now.' of people gathered to experience usually involving lots of construction items for both gathering and experiencing someone's communication or practical ideas e.g. demonstration, gig, vaccination centre, Olympics or Oktober fest.
- Communication ideas / symbolic can be physically 'captured by': books or social media, on cave walls, on Pathé newsreels etc. with the use of constructions / tools. A common realisation method is sound and the idea is transient, unless it is recorded (or written) it must rely upon being held in many brains and possibly over generations of them. But however recorded, these are the ideas being represented by, or sitting behind the symbols and ultimately living in brains.{Prac obj may also (in addition to symbols) re-establish original warm ideas via reverse engineering}
- The 'culture ideas library' is the accumulation of all ideas, any of which can be re-established in any brain that can appreciate the meaning of practical objects or symbols - shown by 're-establish idea' link. The library effectively contains all constructions, or rather those about which we have knowledge, from ancient artefacts to cars (we have much knowledge about fossils, however they’re not our idea constructions – the knowledge about them is communication ideas). Likewise knowledge of planned events that were recorded or still in generations of brains.
All ideas have a number of features or attributes e.g. 'veracity' (false, true or probability figure) and 'durability' as measured by its repercussions and extent of intended or unintended consequential events and subsequent ideas. Some ideas have high durability, impact and repercussions while others are relatively benign and have low durability.
And finally of course many practical objects / ideas provide both practical objects and act as symbols conveying communications such as decorated pots and some buildings. - Once realised ideas often cause chains of intended, but often unintended, consequential events and subsequent ideas, as shown by the ‘pig's ear on culture ideas library'. The idea being realised in this diagram is in part inspired by ideas from the library, the resulting idea is then realised and makes its own contribution to the library. The ‘pig's ear’ is a shorthand way of showing ideas flowing from, and contributing to, the library. All ideas and events are planned to a degree, but long-term consequences may be unknown or ignored: from burning coal and releasing vast amounts of carbon dioxide that has led to a disastrous unintended natural event, to the planned gassing of millions of Jews and others that has caused an almost 100 year chain of unintended ideas and human events leading to instability and yet more death in the Middle East. The aggregate of many ideas and planned events is summarised as ‘consequential ideas & events’ – again the Dutch Hunger Winter It was a famine that took place in the German-occupied Netherlands during the winter of 1944–45. A German blockade cut off food and fuel shipments from farm towns. This was a rare case of a famine in a modern, developed, and literate country, it is well documented and enabled many studies of famine on human health. The Dutch Famine Birth Cohort Study found that the children of pregnant women exposed to famine were more susceptible to diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, microalbuminuria and other health problems. Others studies suggest ongoing inherited affects. of 1944–45 was not deliberately planned and was an unintended consequence of Nazi uprising, but United Nations Climate Change conference meetings to limit, reduce, and possibly reverse climate change are intended consequential ideas and events.
{the above is positioned within “anatomy of idea” below and in single para., which ends with link to Location page, but is there any more to say in that page, it’s got lots of old orig PP diagrams}
Further examples in foot note
NOW AS FOOT NOtE PLUS Hi from orange - good so far, anything from below to add? which contains some comment out
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ MORE FROM LOCATION bits and pieces - MOVED 17OCT25 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
FOR HERE SOMEWHERE? DO WE NEED EXTRA SECTION ON PHYS IDEA STSYLE - ALREADY GO ONE IN Realising idea styles
Realised: physical world, cold and fixed.
Once realised into the physical world ideas have many different forms, although all are now cold - well not at 37°C. They may be permanent and static, or only exist for a moment and now gone. If permanent, the artifact may be classed as a practical object (pot, car, bridge), or a communication item (statue, the Rosetta Stone, papyrus scroll, painting), or of course both in the case of deorated pots, buildings etc. If fleeting, the realisations are communications of some form, possibly body movements from ballet to punches, or sound wave generations reasiling ideas via converstaions, songs, poetary, drama etc.
Some fleeting actions, such a punches (not to mention shootings, bombings, demonstations, rallies etc) obviuosly leave long term affects; in this case the underlying communication of the punch may be anger, or a demonstration of boxing skill in an organised event. The long term affects of other vionet performances are rarly of artistic value and more often of political or personal value. Interestingly, due to recent 'practical object ideas' these fleeting momemts can now be made permanent and recorded for prosterity.
As we all know, once an idea has been realised in the world it's there, fixed and non-retractable - however much we wish we hadn't said, or done it. Of course additional ideas can be realised to limit the damage, or to completely destroy the original. Alternativly, we may just hope that the original didn't find its way into another brain while it still existed (luckerly sound waves naturally self-destruct). However, many originals can't be un-realised, they are there cold and static; if they reach another brain the damage is done no mater what remidial ideas are subsequently realised.
COULD BE FOOTNOTE - V OLD IDEAS - SE 16JUL2017/p>
was hide
Realised Nature - concrete or abstract
{Nature attrib confusing - don't pursue or incorporate into Varasity}
Once realised ideas fall into one of two categories practicle or communication / behaviour - alternatively concrete or abstract When considering things in terms of process and data the data items are labeled by nouns and the process actions by verbs, conveniently nouns may be concrete or abstract.. see xx form more on brain vagaries and ideas
Practical - Concrete: Some realised ideas may take the form of a conrete touchable practical object: a pot, a mobile phone, a car, a building, a performance event (dance physical, lecture ?). The world is full of our realised concrete ideas and they don't give us much grief (other than they may be badly designed and need improvement, or may be miss used, or may link to abstract ideas such as the morality of chemical weapons). The ideas leading to these objects may be abstarct, but have proved themselves to be true by definition that they work in our world. Other abstarct ideas also prove to work, to all intense of purposes, but do not necessarily lead to a pyhsical object - these discussed further in veracity below.
Communication & behaviour - Abstract: Whereas other ideas are of themselves abstract, but never-the-less are represented by tangible symbols (with agreed meaning) that often take the form of a concrete realised idea e.g. words on paper or clay, drawings, or possibly a building.
Of course there is also overlap here, a pot may have been conceived as a practical object to hold water, but it may also be decorated with symbols that trigger abstract ideas. Likewise a smart phone is a very useful practical object, but it also represents, or triggers many social problem ideas. And the performance event may be a physical occasion that is in itself a pleasurable experience, but it may also trigger many abstract ideas via symbols presented that may not be so pleasant, West Side Story, serweto dance.
Comparison Concreret v Abstract: We all have the possibly millions of warm ideas in our brains, as above. When we experience (see, hear, feel etc) another brain's realised idea, that idea regenerates in our brain, in its natural warm home environment style in the form of a particular network of firing neurons and related synapses. Our network of firing neurons and related synapses may be loosly similar to the original brain's, it depends on the commonality of the two brains' library of ideas.
One key feature of liburary cominality must be language ideas (knowledge), which has to be applied to fully appriciate the experience of written / spoken symols, or possibly the need for mathmatical knowledge. After that hurdle comes the regeneration of the represented idea, that probablly then depends on a commonality of cultural ideas - "do you see what I'm getting at?".
Our mental world is full of our abstract ideas, our personal libray of warm ideas. These can't be seen directly as they don't physically exist (other than a particular network of firing nurons) and at best there may be some symbol that may remind us of them, but never the less they reside in our culture and affect our every day actions. At one level numbers may be regarded as abstract, its a mental construct that help us describe the quantity of some thing, but you can see 4 sheep standing in a field, or the 16 hooves on the ground. But when it comes to ideas about value, truth, justice, beauty etc these of themselves at purely mental, although of course they may relate to example physical events of sunsets and human behaviors. Whereas concrete ideas have an in built veracity check (if the underlying idea is false it doesn't work) abstract ideas have no such absolute check - they are all open to debate and validation with evidence - but that in itself is not checkable.
re-think 16jul17
An abstract idea is an idea that can be interpreted in many different ways {many opionions, low consensus}. Some examples include:
Betrayal, Charity, Courage, Cowardice, Cruelty, Forgiveness, Truth, Love, Anger, Fear, Grief, Happiness, Jealously, Sympathy, Insanity, Knowldege, Wisdom, Right/Wrong, Duty, Fame, Justice, Liberty, Friendship, Greed, Innocence, Rules, Social Norm, and Religion {religion is a collection of ideas and beleif at core, beleif in X based on Y, I belive 'not going to be bitten' based on 'previous experience so far, hope that owner has trained / control', 75% confidend here, but other location only 10% so not run there.}
{many are examples of acts of: xxx e.g. Jealously, Sympathy, Insanity and describe realised performance event ideas, which represent examples of the so called intagable feely type objects. Others i.e. Truth, Knowldege, Right/Wrong, Fame, Liberty, Innocence, Rules are social values (morals) }
. Usually these abstract terms are difficult to define alone, but easier when in context. For example: What is Right? vs. What is the right answer to this math equation? For most people it will be easier to answer the second question, because it is in context. ref: An abstract idea is ..
Abstract thinking is a level of thinking about things that is removed from the facts of the “here and now”, and from specific examples of the things or concepts being thought about. Abstract thinkers are able to reflect on events and ideas, and on attributes and relationships separate from the objects that have those attributes or share those relationships. Thus, for example, a concrete thinker can think about this particular dog; a more abstract thinker can think about dogs in general. A concrete thinker can think about this dog on this rug; a more abstract thinker can think about spatial relations, like “on”. A concrete thinker can see that this ball is big; a more abstract thinker can think about size in general. A concrete thinker can count three cookies; a more abstract thinker can think about numbers. A concrete thinker can recognize that John likes Betty; a more abstract thinker can reflect on emotions, like affection. ref: concrete vs abstract thinking
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Chat about evolution
DO WE NEED ANY - POSSIBLY EXTRACTED FROM BELOW - from TH 14nov25
All creature have body that is capable of various behaviours and if a creature is fortunate to have a particular body, which can continue to perform in an ever changing world, then there’s no need to change – if it ain't broke, don't fix it. The crocodile is a good example, it has a big strong body, lives in water, but can also walk on land; a good combination that has worked for more than 85 million years. A water home avoids lots of challenging weather, animals need to come to water to drink, a strong body that can also leave the water to finalise a kill is a recipe for survival.
Although we may say to a crocodile: “your success has made you complacent, you’ve done the same old thing for millions of years”, [s]he may reply: “at least I’m not about to destroy the world” (but I have learn to speak English). Anthropomorphic conversations aside, our ancient lineage originated with primates and as tree dwellers they needed to go looking for food. To succeed they must have: dexterity, visual acuity, good spatial awareness and calculation, and social groups are helpful – a bit different from laying in water waiting for your food to arrive. Primates have a body and social life capable of many behaviours and also need a brain to match; all these features evolved together bit by bit in a coevolution. Later, we added another useful dexterity involving sounds, leading to speech and language, which in turn led to manipulating ideas, resulting in our ability to destroy the world.
But we are more than a talking primate, returning to the family tree at the top, something dramatic happened at the branch point above our hominidea Common Ancestor. Did the members of the hominidea family who started to branch-off have the seeds of a super add-on ability, or possibly they became an isolated group (speciation often occurs that way) and met a fortunate (for us) challenge using standard abilities - or both. But the “magic” might not have happened at that point, although the diagram shows a single branch leading to us there were many more divisions and side branches (see footnote diagram). However, a steady progression of capabilities is shown in many timelines from our common ancestor New Scieniist, Timeline: Human Evolution for example; interestingly we are the sole representative of many ancestor species and who at times coexisted. There’s also a presumption that we branched from the Chimp Bonobo branch and not they from us, but as we are “the best” it’s assumed it was us from them.
However the “magic” originated it started a branch of creatures that led to many things, but essentially better social communication, which probably started slowly with changes in - vocal tract to produce, and in brain based auditory systems to decode, spoken language and then psychological machinery for leaning the meaning of words and grammatical rules – nbga p 193. This is a good example of coevolution between body and brain, there’s little point in producing different sounds if you can’t detect them (and vice versa), also the sounds need to mean something and everyone needs to be on the same page too when it comes to grammar and syntax. This change in vocal tract which unfortunately also increases our chance of choking in response to our attempts to communicate is just one example of behaviour influencing evolution.
As our ancestors evolved many other physical changes occurred in response to behavioral or cultural changes e.g. - the invention of effective projectile hunting weapons, previously large animals had to be killed at close range that required a robust physique, but a more delicate and less resource demanding body could use a projectile – nbga p 193, so over the generations we became lightweights. Discovering the control and uses of fire was another dramatic instigator of changes. Some of these physical changes occurred in brain architecture, but these are harder to track. Body changes are easy to identify by fossil records and brain size can be determined via skull size, but what functions occurred in the mass of long rotted brain jelly we don’t know, it’s had enough studding our current brains.
All animals have basic behaviours that are set genetically, a cheater cub is born to watch its mother and learn to hunt, it doesn’t try climbing trees or go looking for nuts and berries, this is the offspring’s inherited BIOS (see xsx) that enables it to learn additional skills. As animals evolve into new species it involves appropriate BIOS, crocodiles have theirs (including caring baby crocs in their mouths) and we have ours, excluding carrying babies by mouth, but we are veracious learners, a language is just the start.
Its logical to deduce that our brains developed to include language capabilities, but other areas are harder to deduce eg …
it bever hWe have made some physical genetic changes over the last xx ... including pale Europeans in Australia. But the dramatic changes have occurred due to our ability to create and manipulate ideas. and what about behaviour too .... phylogeny - all evo , ontogeny - individual evo.......
Ontogeny
Our ontogeny is driven by the genes we inherit and our environments, both physical and cultural, from gestation to adulthood. But the starting point here is the brain that we grow in the womb and its personal nature together with start-up behaviours (BIOS in my terms) common to all humans such as: rooting reflex to find source of milk, looking at faces and smiling to endear yourself, learn things, etc. All this depends on the genes present, but also how and which are expressed, which in turn is influenced by their environment, current and possible past if considering epigenetics e.g. Dutch Hunger Winter ref. as we sit safety in the womb.
{orig – don’t get it:- but possibly, similar to brain style, there’s scope for personal variation in the BIOS? instructions – all faces are similar but different}.
Once ejected into the world, information collection starts (or possibly a bit sooner once enough brain exists) and now, hopefully, we are surrounded by a mass of stimulation and information. Although bombarded with information little by little our brains learn to filter and sort it. A good starting point is communication and the initial crude "cry till you get what you want" extends to a language based on our BIOS start-up ability to initially distinguish 800 different phonemes.
As we progress we experience many things and are told lots too, which generally sticks in or brains, after all we're a blank page at this stage. The collection of ideas not only includes facts, but behavioural ideas about: tying shoe laces, table manners and interacting with people, these may be formally taught, or personally acquired by trial and error experiences and gradually learning what works best. But best also depends on the personal nature of a brain as determined by genetics and developmental environment. Social interaction is key to this learning as highlighted by school closures during Covid lockdowns and subsequent difficulties that some children have.
Later in life, possibly in the revolting teenage years, we start being more selective about what sticks and discern what information we find appealing and to go looking for. In essence we set up, or rather we have been introduced to a Worldview of ideas, again including behaviours, and continue to collect related ideas and behaviours. But of course we don't only collect information, we contribute our opinion about it, which may then go into others idea collections.
{orig}Our ontogeny is driven by the genes we inherit and our environments, both physical and cultural, from gestation to adulthood. But the starting point is the brain that we grow in the womb and its personal nature including start up behavioural instructions (BIOS in my terms) that are common to all humans: rooting reflex to find source of milk, looking at faces and smile to endear yourself, learn things, etc. All this depends on the genes present, but also how and which are expressed, which in turn is influenced by their environment as we sit safety in the womb.
{orig – don’t get it:- but possibly, similar to brain style, there’s scope for personal variation in the instructions – all faces are similar but different}.
{orig}Once ejected into the world, information collection starts (or possibly a bit sooner once enough brain exists) and now, hopefully, we are surrounded by a mass of stimulation and information. Although bombarded with information little by little our brains learn to filter and sort it. A good starting point is communication and the initial crude "cry till you get what you want" extends to a language. As we progress we experience many things and told lots too, which generally sticks in or brains, after all we're a blank page at this stage. Later in life, possibly in the revolting teenage years, we start being more selective about what sticks and discern what information we find appealing and to go looking for. In essence we set up, or rather we have been introduced to a Worldview, and continue to collect related ideas. But of course we don't only collect information, we contribute our opinion about it, which may then go into others idea collections.
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Why we became such a successful species
from TH that started the need for this footnote - hopfully all incorporated in TH and / or below
IS THIS NOW ALL IN DIA OR FOOTNOTE WHY WE SO SUCCESSFUL ... {original diagram words, most included above but bold may be worth saving}- About 6 million years ago there was a very critical thing happened - as far as we are concerned. Some of our common ancestors had slightly different characteristics (the magic thing that makes us different from other primates), or abilities, that improved survival and enabled them to reproduce that difference. This new group eventually became unable to breed with their ancestor group members and so became the first of many Hominin species.
For more on: why a new species hapens; why are there so many Hominin species (verses 13 species of crocodile in 95 million years), but not progrees to "perfection"; what happened to the less Common ancestor; and our close 'make love not war' Bonobo and aggressive Chimp cousins - see xxx {how about homo ind cave?)
- I changed dia words 25feb24
Could insert AI doc words here in html for or for now Why-we-became-such-a-successful-species
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~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Adding new help follows ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
next entry above here - this is the real bottom lots above duplicate & needs deleteing
{copy the example below and paste to above ~ ~ Adding new help follows . . . ~ ~ and Adding new help follows}
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suitable title
lots of words lots of words lots of words lots of words lots of words lots of words lots of words lots of words lots of words lots of words lots of words lots of words lots of words
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end of example - delete
padding space so last entry not shown at page bottom